Across many developing nations, a notable pattern has emerged where initial economic growth does not immediately translate into higher female labor force participation. This phenomenon, often depicted as a U-shaped curve, reflects complex social and economic shifts. Early industrialization may draw women into low-skill jobs, but as household incomes rise, a withdrawal from the labor market often follows. However, the later phases of the demographic transition—characterized by declining fertility rates and, crucially, rising educational attainment for women — act as a powerful counterforce. In her analysis of twentieth-century economic history, Harvard economist Claudia Goldin identified education as the primary engine of this change. The expansion of human capital equips women with skills for higher-wage sectors, fundamentally . As a result, participation rates begin to climb again, particularly in white-collar and professional roles. Policy implications are therefore clear: investing in female education is a direct and effective strategy for fostering long-term economic empowerment and gender equity.

* attainment: 성취, 도달 counterforce: 반대 세력 *** opportunity cost: 기회 비용

① decreasing the overall demand for their skilled labor

② making low-skill jobs far more attractive to them

③ altering the opportunity cost of staying home

④ leading to a permanent withdrawal from the workforce

⑤ reaffirming traditional gender roles within the household

# 10002

다음 지문을 읽고 내용을 파악하시오. (심리학 + 설득 커뮤니케이션/사회 심리학)

People possess a strong psychological impulse to defend their core beliefs and sense of self, especially when confronted with challenging information. This defensive reaction can create a significant barrier to persuasion, as individuals may discredit the source, counter-argue the message, or simply ignore the information entirely to avoid the discomfort of cognitive dissonance. A health campaign message, for instance, might be rejected by a smoker who feels their identity is under attack. However, a psychological buffer can be created. Stanford social psychologist Claude Steele's Self-Affirmation Theory proposes that if individuals are given an opportunity to reflect on and affirm a valued aspect of themselves before receiving the threatening message, . One study showed that participants who wrote about an important personal value were significantly more receptive to a report on the health risks of caffeine. This act of self-affirmation broadens one's perspective beyond the immediate threat, making it easier to consider challenging information on its own merits without feeling personally invalidated.

* discredit: 불신하다 ** cognitive dissonance: 인지 부조화 *** receptive: 수용적인

① their belief gets stronger

② the message's validity is confirmed

③ their identity is threatened

④ their defensiveness decreases

⑤ the source's credibility is questioned

# 10003

다음 지문을 읽고 내용을 파악하시오. (물리학 + 문화 전승 이론/역사 사회학)

The persistence of social norms across many generations is a remarkable feature of human societies, ensuring a degree of predictability and cohesion. While mechanisms like direct teaching play a role, many core values are transmitted more subtly. Consider annual holidays or national commemorations; these are not merely celebrations but are structured events that rehearse and reinforce societal values like patriotism, family loyalty, or religious faith. These traditions , a concept which some cultural theorists find useful. This 'Cultural Capacitor' model, echoing the functionalist ideas of sociologists like Émile Durkheim on the role of ritual, views traditions as devices for intergenerational transmission. They are "charged" with the accumulated social energy and normative information of a community during periods of stability. Then, during key rituals or educational moments, they "discharge" this stored cultural information, instilling a shared set of norms in the next generation. This process ensures that even without explicit instruction, the foundational principles of a culture are carried forward through time.

* persistence: 지속성 ** cohesion: 결속, 유대 *** normative: 규범적인

① gradually lose their normative power and influence over time

② reflect the changing values of each new generation

③ are explained only by direct and explicit teaching

④ often create deep conflicts between the older generations

⑤ function much like capacitors in an electrical circuit

# 10004

다음 지문을 읽고 내용을 파악하시오. (심리학 + 임상 신경과학)

Therapeutic approaches to trauma have historically struggled with the persistent and intrusive nature of distressing memories, which often resist extinction-based therapies. However, the neurobiological process of reconsolidation offers a therapeutic window to update and modify emotional memories. When a consolidated memory is reactivated, it enters a temporary, labile state before it is stored again. Interventions during this reconsolidation window, such as administering certain beta-blockers or conducting specific psychological exercises, have been shown to reduce the physiological fear response associated with the memory by up to 50% in clinical trials. This mechanism doesn’t erase the narrative but . Consequently, the focus shifts from avoiding a painful past to rewriting its emotional impact. Exploring this facet of neuroplasticity presents promising, albeit ethically complex, avenues for treating anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. The potential to reshape memory encoding highlights the dynamic interplay between mind and brain in overcoming deep-seated psychological distress.

* neuroplasticity: 신경가소성 ** labile: 불안정한 *** debilitating: 쇠약하게 만드는

① derives it from its old extinction-based therapy

② revises it from its original traumatic narrative

③ resolves it from its initial psychological distress

④ decouples it from its debilitating emotional charge

⑤ eradicates it from its persistent intrusive nature