The fossil record provides our only direct window into the deep history of life, yet it is a notoriously fragmented and biased archive. The process of fossilization—from an organism's death to its discovery — is fraught with opportunities for information to be lost. This taphonomic bias distorts our perception of past biodiversity and evolutionary patterns. By harnessing concepts from Claude Shannon's foundational work in information theory, we can ________________________________. This computational approach models fossilization as a "noisy channel," where the original biological signal is degraded over time, allowing us to estimate the probability of preservation. This allows for more robust evolutionary reconstructions, helping to distinguish a true extinction event from a simple gap in the data. This fusion of paleontology and computer science thus offers a powerful new way to bridge these data gaps, uncovering hidden insights into Earth's magnificent evolutionary history.

* fragmented: 단편적인, 분열된 ** taphonomic: 화석화 과정의 *** inherent: 내재하는

① use the fragmented fossil archive to improve Claude Shannon's theory

② rebuild a complete and perfect archive of all past biodiversity

③ prove the absolute accuracy of every single evolutionary reconstruction

④ begin to quantify the uncertainty inherent in the fossil record

⑤ discover a single, unknown mass extinction event from geological data

# 9009

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. (심리학 + 산업 공학)

The transition to a sustainable, green economy depends not only on technological innovation but also on a workforce equipped with the necessary skills and mindset. Cultivating this "sustainability mindset" is a critical challenge, and its roots lie in education. Teachers, as key agents of knowledge and value transmission, play a pivotal role. Therefore, as educational psychologist Jean Piaget's theories on constructivism would suggest, _________________________________________. When educators receive training in green manufacturing processes, they can translate complex engineering concepts into accessible classroom activities. This empowers them to inspire students, nurturing the next generation of engineers and technicians who view sustainability not as a constraint, but as an opportunity. This innovative fusion of education and industrial engineering creates a virtuous cycle, where schools become incubators for the sustainable industries of the future.

* pivotal: 중심적인, 중요한 ** constructivism: 구성주의 *** incubators: 인큐베이터, 배양기

① a new teaching method is responsible for all economic growth

② industrial transformation is responsible for all teacher professional development

③ a sustainable workforce mindset is crucial for every single innovation

④ Piaget's entire constructivist theory is vital for all classroom activities

⑤ teacher professional development is essential for fostering industrial transformation

# 9010

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. (심리학 + 생체 역학)

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that profoundly affects motor control. One of the most telling symptoms is the disruption of gait, the rhythmic pattern of walking. Traditionally, gait analysis focused primarily on physical metrics like step length and speed. However, this approach overlooks the critical role of the brain in orchestrating these movements. The shuffling, hesitant steps characteristic of Parkinson's are not just a muscular issue; they reflect a breakdown in the brain's internal timing mechanisms. Patients also exhibit increased gait variability, which biomechanical studies have linked directly to fluctuations in cognitive load and attention. As the work of neuroscientist Michael A. Arbib on schema theory would predict, effective rehabilitation must ______________________________________. Innovative therapies, such as using rhythmic auditory cues, aim to provide an external "pacemaker" for the brain, helping to resynchronize the neural circuits that govern movement.

* neurodegenerative: 신경 퇴행성의 ** orchestrating: 조직하다, 편성하다 *** resynchronize: 재동기화하다

① bypass all the brain's internal mechanisms with new technology

② target both the motor and cognitive aspects of walking

③ analyze the patient's gait variability and cognitive load levels

④ treat physical steps to restore the brain's cognitive timing

⑤ improve only the primary physical metrics of their walking