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Question

1. Nietzsche famously criticized the "will to truth" that has driven Western philosophy since Plato. Philosophers have traditionally assumed that "truth" is something fixed and divine, waiting to be discovered. However, Nietzsche argues that this pursuit is often a disguise for a desire to find comfort in a chaotic world. He introduces the concept of perspectivism, which suggests that there are no objective facts, only interpretations. According to him, our biological drives and historical conditions shape how we view the world. Therefore, the claim to possess absolute truth is not a mark of wisdom, but rather ___________________________________.

① a necessary foundation for building a moral society

② a symptom of a declining life that fears uncertainty

③ the ultimate goal that every scientist must strive for

④ a logical conclusion derived from objective observation

⑤ the only way to escape the suffering of existence

2. The concept of "Eternal Recurrence" is Nietzsche’s ultimate test of life affirmation. He asks: What if a demon were to creep after you and say, "This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more"? There will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh must return to you. If you are crushed by this thought, you deny life. But if you are well-disposed towards yourself and to life, you would crave nothing more fervently than this ultimate confirmation. Thus, to love one's fate (Amor Fati) is to ___________________________________.

① hope for a better future that corrects past mistakes

② accept that suffering is a punishment for sin

③ will the eternal repetition of the present moment without regret

④ resign oneself to the inevitability of death

⑤ detach emotionally from the cyclic nature of time

3. In the preface to the Philosophy of Right, Hegel famously wrote, "The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk." Minerva is the goddess of wisdom. This metaphor illustrates Hegel’s view on the limitations of philosophy. Unlike political revolutionaries who seek to prescribe how the world ought to be, philosophy essentially comes too late to give instruction as to what the world ought to be. Philosophy creates its "gray in gray" only when a form of life has grown old. Therefore, the task of philosophy is not to predict the future or construct utopias, but to ___________________________________.

① retrospectively understand historical reality after it has fully unfolded

② actively intervene in politics to shape a more just society

③ reject the material world to focus on spiritual contemplation

④ criticizing the existing social order to incite revolution

⑤ predict the inevitable course of history through statistical analysis

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