Throughout history, intelligence has been largely measured by an entity’s ability to manipulate symbols, reason abstractly, and express ideas through language. However, recent findings challenge this rigid classification, revealing that Neanderthals not only created tools with remarkable precision but also engaged in artistic and possibly ritualistic activities. Cave paintings in Spain, believed to predate modern humans' arrival in the region, suggest that Neanderthals possessed a level of symbolic cognition previously thought to be exclusive to our species. If intelligence is to be defined by one’s capacity for abstraction and representation, then the conventional distinction between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals becomes arbitrary. This realization compels us to reconsider the essence of intelligence itself. If cognitive sophistication is not solely dependent on language, but rather on the ability to interpret and respond to one’s environment in nuanced ways, then Neanderthals’ survival strategies and social structures should be regarded as .

① being clearly obsolete from a modern anthropological mainstream

② an superior intelligence compared to the one in modern humans

③ indispensable criteria to value intelligent ability of our species

④ Cerebral feats which are of autonomous significance

⑤ irrefutable classification between physical entities and abstract laws

The conventional view of time, rooted in the second law of thermodynamics, asserts that time inevitably flows in one direction: from low entropy to high entropy. This irreversible arrow of time suggests that as the universe progresses, it moves from order to disorder. However, researchers have pointed out that, on quantum scales, the fundamental laws of physics are time-symmetric, which rejects the notion that . If time symmetry holds at the quantum level, then the notion of time as an irreversible force could be an illusory consequence of macroscopic statistical behavior rather than a universal truth. Some researchers propose that the universe could experience recurrent big bangs, where time restarts after each cycle. This model of time, which has roots in both ancient philosophy and modern physics, presents a potential framework where the flow of time is not a rigid, unidirectional force, but rather a dynamic process that could oscillate across multiple dimensions of time.

① time is not fixed, but relative and dynamic

② the laws possess an inherent bias toward a temporal vector

③ the second law of thermodynamics makes time travel to the past possible

④ the size of an object can affect the direction of time

⑤ the universe cannot theoretically expand in the same direction as time

정답은 아래 파일에 첨가하겠습니다.

영어 문제 제작하는 시골 영어 아저씨 였습니다!!

질문은 언제든 환영합니다.

저는 문제를 해석이 되면 정답은 확실하도록 만듭니다.

억지 문제나 글이 연결되지 않는 편집은 하지 않습니다.

물론 인간이다 보니 실수할 수도 있지만...조심조심!!!