빈칸문제

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The formative years of childhood are a critical period for the development of the brain's executive functions, which govern skills such as impulse control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. These functions are the bedrock upon which academic achievement, social competence, and emotional well-being are built. However, for children who have experienced early adversity—such as trauma, neglect, or chronic stress—the development of these crucial regulatory systems can be significantly impaired. The child's brain, constantly in a state of high alert for threats, prioritizes survival over learning and social connection. This neurological adaptation often manifests in the classroom as hyperactivity, an inability to focus, or explosive reactions to minor frustrations.

Traditional disciplinary approaches that rely on punishment for undesirable behavior often prove counterproductive with such children. Rather than teaching new skills, these methods frequently escalate the child's stress, reinforcing their defensive behaviors and deepening their sense of shame and isolation. A growing body of research in developmental psychology suggests that the key to supporting these vulnerable children lies not in suppressing their symptoms, but in addressing the root cause: a dysregulated nervous system and an underdeveloped capacity for self-awareness. Interventions like mindfulness-based practices and dyadic developmental therapy focus first on creating a felt sense of safety in the child's relationship with a caring adult. Through co-regulation—where the adult's calm and present nervous system helps to soothe the child's—the child begins to internalize a state of calm.

The subsequent, more complex work involves helping the child to recognize and name their internal states, such as anger, fear, or sadness, without being overwhelmed by them. This process, often facilitated through play, storytelling, or art, allows the child to create a coherent narrative of their own experiences. They learn that emotions are temporary, manageable states, not permanent, defining realities. The ultimate goal of this arduous therapeutic journey is not merely the elimination of problematic behaviors, which are often just the "tip of the iceberg." The true and more profound objective is to foster the child's intrinsic capacity for ________________, empowering them to navigate the complexities of life with resilience and to form secure, healthy relationships in the future.

① cognitive acceleration
② emotional dysregulation
③ behavioral modification
④ emotional regulation skills
⑤ social conformity