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Thesis–Antithesis–Synthesis: This phrase refers to the logical structure of dialectics. Hegel is often cited as the thinker who most thoroughly conducted philosophical argumentation in accordance with dialectical principles. Dialectics does not consist of three categories in parallel, each holding equal status. Rather, its structural characteristic lies in a convergent ascent in which two opposing categories achieve a harmonious unity. For Hegel, dialectics is not merely a method of reasoning—it is also the very mode of existence of that which is reasoned about. That is, both the internal structure of the "Idea," which is the fundamental order of the world, and the manner in which this Idea manifests in spatiotemporal reality, are dialectical in nature. Accordingly, the Idea and its realization in the world form a unified system, and philosophical reasoning that aims to elucidate the principles of these two dimensions must itself possess a dialectical structure. ⓐ

Hegel sought to treat aesthetics strictly within a system constructed according to dialectical principles. In his view, art—the subject of aesthetics—is, like religion and philosophy, a form of "Absolute Spirit." Absolute Spirit refers to the realm of human consciousness that apprehends the Idea, which is absolute truth. ⓑ Art, religion, and philosophy share the same essential content: absolute truth. However, they are distinguished by the differing forms of cognition through which they engage this content. To each of the three forms of Absolute Spirit corresponds a distinct cognitive mode: intuition, representation, and thought. "Intuition" refers to the intellect’s sensory perception of a given material object; "representation" refers to the intellect’s internal evocation of an image, independent of the material object’s presence or absence; "thought" refers to the intellect’s pure logical grasp of an object through concepts. Accordingly, these three forms are defined respectively as "the intuiting Absolute Spirit," "the representing Absolute Spirit," and "the thinking Absolute Spirit." According to Hegel, the externality of intuition and the internality of representation are synthesized in thought; likewise, the objectivity of art and the subjectivity of religion are synthesized in philosophy.

Due to the differences among these cognitive modes, there arise significant differences in the level at which content is apprehended. For Hegel, the content of Absolute Spirit—namely, absolute truth—is inherently logical and rational. Since art intuits this content, religion represents it, and philosophy thinks it, the three forms of Absolute Spirit are arranged in a hierarchical progression. Art is the elementary stage, religion is the developmental stage, and philosophy is the mature stage of Absolute Spirit. ⓒ Therefore, in the progression from art to religion to philosophy, only philosophy constitutes the fully realized Absolute Spirit grounded in the highest form of intellect. The capacity of art to function as Absolute Spirit is confined to a distant past when humanity’s universal intellect remained underdeveloped.

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