42. And the merits of a leader’s most important decisions, by their nature, typically are not clear-cut. Instead those decisions involve a process of assigning weights to competing interests, and then determining, based upon some criterion, which one dominate.

43. Research shows that people who watch a lot of news on television (understate / overestimate) the threats to their well-being. Why? It’s because television focuses on news that makes the world seem like a more dangerous place than it actually is.

44. Migrants, however, are free to choose the optimal habitat for survival during the nonbreeding season and for r_______ during the breeding season.

45. As you know, the costs of providing first-rate education just keep going up. We’ve done everything we can to contain costs without (maintaining / compromising) quality.

46. Parenting is about letting your child develop into his or her own person, not about trying to stamp him or her into a mold of c_______.

47. Many species of tree are now danger, including mahogany and teak, and deforestation, particularly in tropical rainforests, has had a severe impact both on local communities and on native plants and wildlife.

48. Chunking is vital for cognition of music. If we had to (encode / decode) it in our brains note by note, we’d struggle to make sense of anything more complex than the simplest children’s songs.

49. As long as something is funny, we are for the moment not concerned with whether it is real or f_______, true or false.

50. In addition, a new institutional structure is needed where the decision- making process is (collaborative / individual) and involves face-to-face negotiations among a variety of stakeholders with relatively consensual decision rules.

51. E_______ helps students build a sense that the world can be quantified—and that their personal experience can be a valuable starting point. According to John A. Van de Walle, a math education researcher, e_______ is a higher-level skill that requires students to be able to conceptualize and mentally manipulate numbers.

52. Historical insight is not a matter of a continuous “narrowing down” of previous options, not of an approximate of the truth, but, on the contrary, is an “explosion” of possible points of view.

53. An enormous amount of time is spent simply reacting. It’s as if we are robots programmed to respond on cue to whatever demands the least time and attention, and d_______ anything that requires putting in extra time and energy to think.

54. However, language offers something more valuable than mere information exchange. Because the meanings of words are not (unstable / invariable) and because understanding always involves interpretation, the act of communicating is always a joint, creative effort.

55. A dominant gene o_______ an equivalent recessive gene. For example, the gene for brown eye colour is dominant, so if a child inherits the gene for brown eyes from one parent and the gene for blue eyes from the other, he or she will have brown eyes.

56. An o_______ person tries to make other people do what he or she wants in an unpleasant and forceful way.

57. Many began a migration from farms to the city in between 1880 and 1920. This occurred mainly because small farms weren’t able to afford to (upgrade / degrade) their technology and many were no longer able to support the entire family.

58. Further, it was reported that human and material losses from disasters had increased during the 20th century. This happened at a time when cities in the developing world were growing at precede rates, bringing together large populations of low income urban residents, often on hazardous spontaneous settlements which made them far more vulnerable to natural and human-induced hazards.

59. One is the formation of individual fibers by squeezing a liquid through one or more small openings in a nozzle called a spinneret and letting it harden. Spiders and silkworms have been spinning fibers in this way for millions of years, but chemists and engineers learned the p_______ from them only about a century ago.

60. It is relatively easy, for example, for archaeologists to identify and draw i_______ about technology and diet from stone tools and food remains.

61. Consider, for instance, a teenager whose parents are s_______ and distrustful when she goes out at night; even if she has been forthright about her plans and is not breaking any agreed-upon rules, her identity as a respectable moral subject is undermined by a pervasive parental attitude that expects deceit and betrayal.

62. Webtoons may also be easy to v_______ as films and dramas because of their unique scroll-down vertical format that is similar to storyboards made for a film or drama production.

Ultrasound is a technique that uses sound waves to v_______ internal structures.

63. For many years now, mediated entertainment such as TV and film has been able to stimulate our optical and audio senses with sights and sounds.

64. The essence of science is to uncover patterns and regularities in nature by finding algorithmic compressions of observations. But the raw data of observation rarely exhibit (implicit / explicit) regularities.

65. Although in some circumstances it might be appropriate to describe animal signals as transferring information, in many other, perhaps most, cases there would be such a conflict of interest between signaller and receiver that it is more accurate to describe the signaller as attempting to ‘m_______’ the receiver rather than just inform it.

66. Opportunities for work might have increased as the period progressed, as manufacturing (standardized / diversified) and commerce intensified from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries.

67. People who had lost a job and found a new one twice before were much better prepared to deal with a_______ than someone who had always worked at the same place and had never faced a_______.

68. Social media allows consumers to create user generated content (UGC) which enables them to connect with businesses and other consumers. Consumers are no longer passive r_______ of marketing messages, but are actively engaging with firms they buy from, as well as other consumers sharing their own insights from their personal experiences.

69. Overusing a_______ not only promotes the evolution of novel superbugs but also alters the body’s ecology in ways that may contribute to new autoimmune illnesses, such as Crohn’s disease.

70. However, if the assignment were stated somewhat (vividly / vaguely), then you would have more room to think and be more creative.

71. The (or perhaps, a) goal of science is to construct an economical framework of laws or generalize that are capable of incorporating all observable phenomena.

72. S_______ learning is any type of learning that takes place in real time, where a group of people are engaging in learning simultaneously.

S_______ teaching can take place via online learning, through the use of video conferencing and live chat or instant messaging.

73. Learning algorithms are extremely resource-i_______. An extreme amount of computing power and time is needed to train a system adequately, as the entire network has to be re-simulated for every symbol, seemingly each new fact.

74. Mutually e_______ events are those events that do not occur at the same time. For example, when a coin is tossed then the result will be either head or tail, but we cannot get both the results.

75. Radioactive waste dispose has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power has been fought.

76. Opposite charges attract each other (negative to positive). Like charges r_______ each other (positive to positive or negative to negative). Most of the time positive and negative charges are balanced in an object, which makes that object neutral.

77. In drug testing, duplicates of a single dose are placed at different sites as a further way of assessing for false positives or negatives. If results are (accordant / discordant) for the same drug, they are repeated in duplicate.

78. But e_______ has its dark side: too much understanding and sensitivity, too much seeing things from the other’s perspective, can cloud judgment and paralyze choice.

79. In neutral context, a more (valid / biased) survey can be conducted about an

organization’s reputation, products, or services.

80. For example, a mediate who ‘takes sides’ is likely to lose all credibility, as is an advocate who seeks to adopt a neutral position.