1.

One significant area of AI research is machine learning, where algorithms improve through experience. These algorithms can process vast amounts of data, identifying patterns and making decisions with                   . However, the integration of AI into various industries raises ethical and societal concerns. The potential displacement of jobs due to automation is a pressing issue, as machines may perform tasks traditionally undertaken by humans. There is also the risk of biases in AI algorithms, which can perpetuate existing prejudices if not properly addressed. To mitigate these challenges, researchers and policymakers try to establish ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure that AI technologies are designed and used in ways that align with societal values. By fostering collaboration between technologists, ethicists, and the public, it is possible to harness the benefits of AI while minimizing potential risks.

① insubstantial human mediation           ② addressing social discrimination

③ having nothing to do with politics        ④ pursuing scientific purposes

⑤ some objectives for humans

2.

Working memory serves as a temporary storage system that actively manipulates and processes information. When                            , learning and reasoning processes are likely to be impaired. Novices, for instance, often attempt to retain all relevant information simultaneously, whereas experts employ chunking strategies to mitigate cognitive strain. Furthermore, Dual-Processing Theory postulates that human cognition operates through two distinct systems: System 1, which is fast, intuitive, and automatic, and System 2, which is slow, deliberative, and analytical. Working memory is predominantly engaged in System 2 processing, facilitating logical reasoning and decision-making. However, when cognitive load is excessive, individuals tend to default to System 1 thinking, which, while expedient, is prone to biases and errors. Ultimately, the interplay between working memory capacity and cognitive load management determines the efficacy of problem-solving. The disparity between novices and experts underscores the critical role of cognitive structures in optimizing intellectual performance.

① humans try to memorize all significant information separately

② too short and complex information provokes cognitive dissonance

③ there is no gap between novices and experts for decision making

④ unusual and excessive inputs transcend its threshold

⑤ its default tries to optimize novices’ intellectual capacity

3.

The concept of identity has long been a subject of intense literary exploration. In modern literature, the notion of self has become increasingly fragmented, reflecting the complexities and contradictions inherent in contemporary life.  Authors such as James Baldwin and Doris Lessing, for example, explored how individuals navigate the tensions between societal expectations and personal desires, often with profound psychological and emotional consequences. The modern individual's struggle with identity is not only an internal battle but also one that reflects larger social and political forces. In Baldwin’s works, particularly in Giovanni’s Room, the protagonist’s crisis of identity is deeply intertwined with issues of race, sexuality, and the struggle for self-acceptance in a world defined by rigid norms. This view of identity challenges earlier literary traditions, such as those exemplified by the works of authors like Ernest Hemingway or F. Scott Fitzgerald, where identity was often portrayed as equilibrium and grounded in personal achievement or social status, which is contrast to modern literature reflecting the other view of the self, now acknowledging that identity                                           .

① can be disobedient enough to social and political forces

② is not complex but monotonous

③ has an mutable and unstable trait

④ will be integrated with other ones over time

⑤ has been ignored in earlier literary traditions

4.

Tariffs, as a tool of protectionism, have long been criticized for distorting market efficiency and hindering global economic growth. While they are often justified as a means to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, the imposition of tariffs typically results in higher prices for consumers, reducing their purchasing power. That is, the imposition of tariffs ①undermines this foundational economic basis by distorting the natural flow of goods and services based on comparative advantage. Economists argue that tariffs protect ②inefficient industries at the expense of consumers and overall economic welfare. In addition, retaliatory measures using tariffs can disrupt global supply chains, increase production costs, and ③lower the variety of goods available to consumers. In conclusion, while tariffs may offer short-term relief for domestic industries, their long-term effects are largely ④detrimental to global economic integration and the welfare of consumers. Therefore, the case for free trade, based on the principles of comparative advantage, remains a more ⑤unhealthy argument for fostering natural and sustainable economic growth.