1번부터 17번까지는 듣고 답하는 문제입니다. 1번부터 15번까지는 한 번만 들려주고, 16번부터 17번까지는 두 번 들려줍니다. 방송을 잘 듣고 답을 하시기 바랍니다.

2024학년도 수특모의고사 6회

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영어 영역

영어 영역

대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① Let’s meet at the library.

② I already handed in the report.

③ It’s hard to change the schedule.

④ You must finish the work by 4 o’clock.

⑤ We shouldn’t have missed the deadline.

8

대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① Sorry. The scarf already sold out.

② Okay. I’ll buy a pair of earrings then.

③ Perfect. These earrings look good on you.

④ Don’t worry. The party hasn’t started yet.

⑤ Sure. I already threw her a birthday party.

다음을 듣고, 남자가 하는 말의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 열기구 비행 코스를 설명하려고

② 야외 활동 프로그램을 홍보하려고

③ 열기구 탑승 안전 수칙을 안내하려고

④ 비행기 출발 시간의 지연을 공지하려고

⑤ 소지품 분실에 대한 주의를 당부하려고

대화를 듣고, 두 사람이 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 아파트 옥상에 텃밭을 조성하는 것의 장점

② 지역사회 내 공동체 의식 함양의 필요성

③ 가정에서 미세 먼지에 대처하는 방법

④ 정서 발달에 정원이 미치는 영향

⑤ 유기농 작물 재배의 어려움

대화를 듣고, 두 사람의 관계를 가장 잘 나타낸 것을 고르시오.

① 테니스 코치 - 선수	② 배드민턴 강사 - 학부모

③ 정형외과 의사 - 환자	④ 헬스 트레이너 - 헬스장 이용객

⑤ 스포츠용품 판매원 - 고객

대화를 듣고, 그림에서 대화의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오.

⑤

④

③

②

①

대화를 듣고, 여자가 할 일로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

① 운동장 대여하기	② 티셔츠 제작하기

③ 간식 만들기	④ 샌드위치 주문하기

⑤ 구급상자 구입하기

대화를 듣고, 남자가 콘서트에 갈 수 없는 이유를 고르시오.

① 도서 박람회에 가야 해서

② 가족 모임에 참석해야 해서

③ 도서관 자원봉사를 해야 해서

④ 개교기념일 행사를 준비해야 해서

⑤ 자선 마라톤 대회에 참가해야 해서

대화를 듣고, 여자가 지불할 금액을 고르시오.

① $63	② $70	③ $72	④ $80	⑤ $81

대화를 듣고, Hartford River Market에 관해 언급되지 않은 것을 고르시오.

① 판매 품목	② 운영 시간	③ 위치

④ 주차 시설	⑤ 체험 활동 종류

The 10th International Sunnyvale Flower Festival에 관한 다음 내용을 듣고, 일치하지 않는 것을 고르시오.

① 주제는 ‘꽃, 평화, 미래’이다.

② 200개 업체가 참가할 예정이다.

③ 꽃을 이용한 마술 쇼가 열릴 것이다.

④ 개막식에서 불꽃놀이가 펼쳐질 것이다.

⑤ 온라인에서 표를 구입하면 할인받을 수 있다.

다음 표를 보면서 대화를 듣고, 남자가 주문할 의류 건조기를 고르시오.

Clothes Dryer Models

	Model	Price	Capacity	Smart Function	Color
①	A	$570	5kg	×	white
	B	$680	9kg	○	white
②
	C	$700	9kg	○	metal
③
	D	$750	14kg	×	white
④
	E	$830	14kg	○	metal
⑤

대화를 듣고, 남자의 마지막 말에 대한 여자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Woman:

① Never mind. It’s my pleasure to give you a piece of advice.

② Right. I’d better choose physics for my future dream.

③ Exactly. You should always be honest with yourself.

④ I agree. I should take chemistry instead of physics.

⑤ Don’t worry. Let me cancel the class for you.

대화를 듣고, 여자의 마지막 말에 대한 남자의 응답으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

Man:

① No problem. I’ll help you to promote your campaign.

② Absolutely. We should release animals into the wild.

③ Sure. You have to consider many things in raising a pet.

④ Not at all. Editing a video clip is not that difficult for me.

⑤ Thanks. Your support will bring new life to abandoned dogs.

다음 상황 설명을 듣고, John이 Emma에게 할 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. [3점]

John:

① You should stop blaming others for your own faults.

② Turn off electronics before bedtime to sleep better.

③ What about living in a dormitory to focus on your studies?

④ You had better let your roommate do what she wants to do.

⑤ Why don’t you frankly discuss the problem with your roommate?

[16 ~ 17] 다음을 듣고, 물음에 답하시오.

여자가 하는 말의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① side effects of natural food therapies

② easily overlooked common symptoms

③ traditional but still effective remedies

④ benefits of organically cultivated foods

⑤ comparisons of old and modern medicines

언급된 증상이 아닌 것은?

① sore throat	② dry skin	③ headache

④ sunburn	⑤ nausea

이제 듣기 문제가 끝났습니다. 18번부터는 문제지의 지시에 따라 답을 하시기 바랍니다.

다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

To Whom It May Concern:

As a lifelong Springfield resident who has two children attending George May Elementary School, I have spent a lot of time at the Springfield Park both as a youth and as a mother. I have recognized the need for upgrades that would enhance the lives of residents. The current park has outdated BBQ facilities and tables as well as a patchy and uneven lawn area that at most times is not much more than a mud pit. The baseball field and spectator area is completely worn out as well. The renovation will ensure that the children of our community have a safe place to play and engage in sports to occupy their time. I ask that you take the time to seriously address this issue.

Sincerely,

Jennifer Santos

① 야구장 이용 시간을 문의하려고

② 교내 안전교육 강화를 요청하려고

③ 공원 시설의 재정비를 건의하려고

④ 주민 체육 행사 협조를 부탁하려고

⑤ 체험 학습 프로그램 참가를 신청하려고

다음 글에 드러난 Timothy의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Suddenly, just a few minutes after Timothy dozed off, something woke him up. Something was crawling on his belly as he was lying there with nothing around his upper body. Two scorpions from the rocks above had fallen on his stomach. They were battling with each other. Timothy, not knowing what to do, stayed very still just watching them fight. His heart started pounding heavily; he was too scared to make a move. Sweat poured from his forehead. The two scorpions were violently attacking each other, and it seemed they were fighting to the death. Timothy nervously looked down at the ground. He saw another scorpion, and not far from that one was another one. This time Timothy started to sweat even more heavily.

① touched and grateful	② puzzled and frightened

③ pleased and delighted	④ depressed and sorrowful

⑤ disappointed and ashamed

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Tech eats into sleep time. It doesn’t matter if your screen is pumping out a restful, warm light and you’re looking at soothing images. If you don’t nod off because you‘re too busy looking at screens, your sleep will suffer. I’m sure we’ve all been aimlessly scrolling or working on something or checking social networking services in an endless loop, but know it’s about time we got some sleep yet still can’t seem to stop. A straightforward way of addressing this problem is to set a sleep alarm. You set an alarm for the morning, so set another for the evening too. This is when you have to switch off (in every sense of the word) and start getting ready for bed. You can’t ignore your morning alarm if you want to keep your job, so the one you set for the evening has to become immovable too. You could swipe-proof your night-time sleep alarm by changing the settings on your smartphone to ban apps after a particular time. That way, you’re more likely to focus on sleep, not apps. *soothing: 마음을 진정시키는 **swipe-proof: 손가락으로 화면을 휙 쓰는 동작으로 해체되지 않게 하다

① 수면의 질을 높여 주는 다양한 앱을 활용하라.

② 다양한 앱을 통해 스마트폰의 활용도를 높이라.

③ 스마트폰을 사용하기 전에 기능을 먼저 숙지하라.

④ 최적의 성능을 위해 수시로 스마트폰을 업데이트하라.

⑤ 제시간에 잠을 자도록 스마트폰 수면 알람 기능을 사용하라.

밑줄 친 If man is wolf to man, he is so in every sense, not just the negative one이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Don’t believe anyone who says that since nature is based on a struggle for life, we need to live like this as well. Many animals survive not by eliminating each other or keeping everything for themselves, but by cooperating and sharing. This applies most definitely to pack hunters, such as wolves or killer whales, but it also applies to our closest relatives, the primates. In a study done at Taϊ National Park, in Ivory Coast, chimpanzees took care of group mates wounded by leopards; they licked their mates’ blood, carefully removed dirt, and waved away flies that came near the wounds. They protected injured companions and slowed down during travel in order to accommodate them. All of this makes perfect sense, given that chimpanzees live in groups for a reason, the same way wolves and humans are group animals for a reason. If man is wolf to man, he is so in every sense, not just the negative one. We would not be where we are today had our ancestors been socially aloof.

*aloof: 냉담한

① Unlike wolves, we sometimes prefer to be solitary.

② We are superior to wild animals in terms of morality.

③ Naturally we are friendly, not hostile, toward wildlife.

④ As for instinct, wolves are completely different from us.

⑤ We can be cruel to each other but we are also cooperative.

다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The physical environment directly determines the capacity for independent living of anyone with a difficulty or disability (difficulty walking, poor sight, impaired hearing, etc.). The idea is to encourage independent living through careful attention to architectural and urban design and services. In buildings, the absence of lifts or ramps can make life impossible for the elderly. The design of interior traffic and services areas can do the same. Outdoors, the absence of public benches, footpaths that are too narrow or too high, a road that is dangerous to cross, the difficulty or impossibility of boarding a bus or tram can force someone with impaired mobility to curtail their activities, or to stay at home. Bad design turns disabilities into handicaps. Poor design can be exacerbated by the “rudeness, insecurity and violence” that can be attendant on going outdoors. If these issues are not dealt with, a vicious circle of dependence develops.

*curtail: 줄이다 **exacerbate: 더욱 나쁘게 하다

① 이동 약자는 보호자 동행 없이 외부 활동하는 것을 피해야 한다.

② 이동 거리를 줄이기 위해 고령자들은 도심에 주거하는 것이 좋다.

③ 이동 약자의 독립적 삶을 위해 그들을 고려한 도시 설계가 필요하다.

④ 대중교통의 효율적 운영 및 관리를 위해 관련 제도의 개선이 시급하다.

⑤ 공공건물 설계는 거주민의 독립된 생활 보장을 최우선으로 고려해야 한다.

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

While the term “ecosystem management” began appearing ever more frequently in scientific journals and government reports, it seemed that no two people could agree on what it meant, as definitions of ecosystem management and practitioners or advocates of its use occurred in roughly equal numbers. So it seems strange that nearly everyone agreed that ecosystem management was a good thing. When ecosystem management became part of the process of deciding how to use public land, both the environmental community and those concerned with maintaining resource flows took a keen interest in defining ecosystem management in their own terms. Indeed, one observer suggested that when environmental groups heard the term “ecosystem management” they mainly heard “ecosystem,” while industry groups heard “management.” This led to the unsettling phenomenon of resource management agencies, conservationists, and industry representatives, who generally couldn’t agree on what time it was, singing in unison the praises of ecosystem management at congressional hearings in the early 1990s.

*in unison: 한목소리로

① evolving policies centered on ecosystem management

② disagreements over how to manage resources more efficiently

③ different perspectives on the definition of ecosystem management

④ implications of ecosystem management and its various applications

⑤ influences of environmental groups on resource-management policies

다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Namibian communities have been receiving nearly $10 million a year from wildlife, says Fred Nelson, a wildlife expert who spent 11 years in Africa developing wildlife management partnerships. Since the revenues come primarily from trophy hunting and tourism ventures, local communities had a strong incentive to protect the animals and their habitat. These new incentives led to a natural resurgence in wildlife numbers. Even the number of black rhinos in Namibia rose from 707 in 1997 to 1,134 in 2004. Clearly, property rights to ownership or use and freedom to trade are among the keys to conservation. These incentives can encourage protection, care, and increased numbers, just as they do with cattle. Indeed, after legal action by private rhino holders, a judge in South Africa lifted the ban on domestic trade in rhino horn. Trade will give those farmers and communities that own rhinos an incentive to protect them. But where ownership and trade are prohibited, the protection will be missing and poaching will probably continue.

*trophy hunting: 오락용 야생 동물 사냥 **resurgence: 재증가 ***poach: 밀렵하다

① The Human Instinct to Get Close to Nature

② Scarcity: The Main Drive for the Wildlife Trade

③ Resources: Better Utilized by Sharing, Not Owning

④ Why We Need a Harmonious Relationship with Nature

⑤ Protecting Wildlife by Permitting Ownership and Trade

다음 표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Statistics on Animals Used in Research, New Zealand

in 2014 and 2015

Year of 2014				Year of 2015
Animals	Number	Percentage of total		Animals	Number	Percentage of total
Cattle	75,496	24.3%		Cattle	59,330	26.3%
Mice	58,379	18.8%		Mice	48,341	21.5%
Sheep	44,745	14.4%		Fish	40,764	18.1%
Fish	40,555	13.1%		Sheep	23,474	10.4%
Birds	31,588	10.2%		Birds	15,627	6.9%
Deer	25,058	8.1%		Rats	9,387	4.2%
Rats	11,807	3.8%		Deer	8,497	3.7%
Dogs	1,006	0.3%		Dogs	812	0.4%
Cats	728	0.2%		Cats	519	0.2%
Primates	0	0.0%		Primates	0	0.0%
Other Mammals	15,073	4.9%		Other Mammals	10,518	4.7%
Other Non-Mammals	5,852	1.9%		Other Non-Mammals	8,041	3.6%
Total	310,287	100%		Total	225,310	100%

The tables above show statistics on animals used in research in New Zealand in 2014 and 2015. ① The total number of animals used in research in 2015 was lower than that of animals used in 2014. ② Cattle were the most used animals in research both in 2014 and in 2015, followed by mice which accounted for over 18% and over 21% respectively. ③ Sheep ranked higher than fish in 2014, but their ranks switched places with each other in 2015. ④ While the number of rats dropped below 10,000 in 2015, their ranking among all the animals remained the same as in 2014. ⑤ Meanwhile, primates were never used, and cats and dogs were less than 1% of all the animals used in research both in 2014 and in 2015.

Ivan Turgenev에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Ivan Turgenev, the first Russian writer to be widely celebrated in the West, was born in Russia in 1818. He entered the University of Moscow in 1833, but before a year had passed he transferred to the University of St. Petersburg because of a family move. Later, he traveled to Germany, where he enrolled at the University of Berlin and studied philosophy for three years. Upon returning to St. Petersburg and failing to find an academic position, he began work as a public official there, but his interests turned more and more toward literature. After retiring from the service, he went to France. By the mid-1850s, he was spending as much time in Europe as in Russia. In August of 1860 in England, he conceived the idea for his Fathers and Sons; he finished the novel in July of 1861 in Russia. The book received a hostile reaction in Russia, but gained prominence in the Western world. He received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford in 1879.

① Moscow 대학 입학 후 St. Petersburg 대학으로 옮겼다.

② 독일에서 3년 동안 철학을 공부했다.

③ St. Petersburg에서 공무원으로 일한 적이 있다.

④ 소설 Fathers and Sons를 영국에서 완성했다.

⑤ Oxford 대학으로부터 명예 학위를 받았다.

Reptile Garden에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Reptile Garden

Reptile Garden houses the largest collection of reptiles in the world, including some of the world’s deadliest snakes. The garden is accessible by public transportation, and there are plenty of parking spaces.

Hours

• 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

(closed on national holidays)

Admission

• Adult: $14

• Student: $8 (Valid student identification is required.)

• Child (aged 6 and under): Free

Special Activities

• Reptile Drawing Competition (at noon, every Sunday)

Three winners will get turtle dolls as a prize.

• Feed the Lizards

Feel the excitement as the lizards eat out of your hand.      You can purchase food to feed the lizards on site.

Notice

• Pets are prohibited in the garden.

• Flash photography is not allowed.

① 대중교통을 이용해서 갈 수 있다.

② 6세 이하는 무료로 입장할 수 있다.

③ 파충류 그리기 대회의 상품은 악어 인형이다.

④ 도마뱀에게 먹일 사료를 현장에서 구매할 수 있다.

⑤ 플래시를 사용하는 사진 촬영은 허용되지 않는다.

Beach Cleanup Day 2019에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하는 것은?

Beach Cleanup Day 2019

It’s time again for the annual North Shore Beach Cleanup on Saturday, May 4. Join us and clean more than 15 miles of beaches stretching from Haleiwa Beach Park to Kahuku.

Time

• Registration begins at 8 a.m. at Noama Bay Resort.

• Participants leave for each clean-up zone at 8:30 a.m. and finish at 12:30 p.m.

• Participants return to the resort for a free BBQ and live music performance at 1 p.m., followed by a pro surfer autograph session.

Donation Event

• Participants are encouraged to bring clothes to be donated to Hawaii Shelter. The first 200 donors will receive a mug.

Beach Cleanup Day is a rain or shine event. Please wear clothing appropriate for the weather conditions.

① 매년 진행되며 올해는 일요일에 개최된다.

② 각 구역에 대한 청소는 5시간 동안 진행된다.

③ 프로 서퍼 사인회 이후에 라이브 음악 공연이 있다.

④ 기부할 옷을 가져올 수 있다.

⑤ 비가 오는 경우에는 취소된다.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]

Differences in power distance can have an impact on learners‘ perceived position in the course and may result in some learners not being able to interact as equals with other learners. Tony Bates, an author and educator, describes ① how culture influences critical thinking skills, debate, and discussion. In an online environment, learners are often encouraged to critically evaluate and debate the content ② being presented and share their ideas and knowledge in discussion. Cultural differences may affect the degree to which individual learners interact and can interfere with their ability to challenge ideas or express opinions contrary to ③ those of the instructor or other learners in the class. Cultural differences can also affect learners who consider the instructor a higher power. If you participate in discussions and other activities by offering opinions on a topic or issue, a learner who views you as a higher power may find it ④ difficult to offer opinions or ideas that are contrary to your opinions. Instructional activities that are teacher-directed ⑤ tending to be best for learners from cultures with higher power distance, whereas lower power distance cultures prefer more learner-directed learning strategies.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Unfortunately, unemployment programs have an unintended secondary effect: They increase the unemployment rate. The benefits make it ① less costly for an unemployed worker to turn down available jobs and continue searching while receiving the payments. They also ② reduce the incentive of the unemployed to switch occupations or move to another location in order to find employment. As a result, workers stay unemployed ③ longer and the overall unemployment rate is higher than it would be otherwise. In fact, empirical evidence indicates that there is a spike in the number of unemployed workers obtaining employment just before and immediately after their unemployment benefits are ④ issued. The persistently higher unemployment rates in Europe, where the benefits are more generous, also indicate that the program pushes the unemployment rate ⑤ upward, perhaps by as much as 2 or 3 percentage points.

*empirical: 실증적인 **spike: 급증

[31 ~ 34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The sense of familial and cultural solidarity that comes with feasting can be very pleasant and reassuring, rewarding in ways both nutritional and psychological. Eating to 120 percent full is probably a pretty standard performance at a feast, so over the course of a million-plus years of feasting, a strong psychological association likely evolved between being extra full and a sense of social well-being. The importance of social life to human beings cannot be underestimated. The common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees millions of years ago was likely a highly social species, just as chimpanzees and we are today. Over the course of our evolution, humans gained a tool — language — that has helped our kind to ratchet up all aspects of social life. Sharing food both on a day-to-day basis and on special occasions is part of the complex of behaviors that now defines how humans are social. In a less profound or obvious way, occasional ________________ may also be part of this complex.

*ratchet up: ~을 단계별로 향상하다

① writing	② hunting	③ isolation

④ overeating	⑤ competition

One study showed that a certain word (e.g., boat) seemed There are a number of ways our selfish  behaviour can be moderated, especially when ___________________. For example, simply looking in a mirror forces adults literally to self-reflect, which studies have shown reduces cheating on a test. This effect of mirrored self-focus on morality is consistent with recent studies demonstrating that merely hanging up posters of staring human eyes doubled the number of diners that cleaned up after themselves after they had finished their meals. When we think we are being watched, we tend to behave ourselves. If the fear of exposure regulates our transgressions, then religions with an all-seeing God may operate to foster moral behaviour precisely because followers think that they are constantly observed. Most of the world’s religions promote prosociality in their teachings and practices. There is a common assumption that religions foster kindness and generosity, as epitomized by the parable of the Good Samaritan in Christianity.

*transgression: 위반 (행위) **epitomize: 전형적으로 보여 주다 ***parable: 비유(담), 우화

① attention is drawn to us

② we observe other people

③ our past mistakes guide us

④ cooperation is required of us

⑤ we talk about religious issues

Consider the old saying “________________________.” As individuals, we are quick to access information that helps us. But we often lack the ability to make sense of it, or to use it appropriately. One of us has a brother who is a medical doctor. He encounters this problem on a daily basis (and we might add, he is not too happy about it). Patients show up with (often incorrect) self-diagnoses derived from spending a couple of hours on the Internet. It is the same in business: senior executives second-guess their subordinates because their corporate IT system gives them line of sight down to detailed plant-level data. At a societal level, people believe they have the right to information that is in the public interest (think Wikileaks), but they are rarely capable of interpreting and using it in a sensible way.

*line of sight: 시선

① Nothing hurts like the truth

② Two’s company, but three‘s a crowd

③ Good things come in small packages

④ A little learning is a dangerous thing

⑤ Don’t put all your eggs in one basket

Many economic laws have been criticized as having only statistical necessity. Consider the law stating that the quantity sold varies inversely with its price. We can show that it is not universally true with a thought experiment featuring an isolated village of peasants. The villagers can subsist on a weekly ration of one pound of rice and two pounds of beans or can subsist on the tastier and more nutritious fare of one pound of rice, one pound of beans, and one pound of fish. Rice and beans each cost $1.00 per pound, but a pound of fish costs $1.20. Since the peasants are paid $3.20 a week, they spend it all on the rice, beans, and fish diet. What happens if the price of beans rises to $1.10? (It is impossible to buy less than a pound of anything.) _________________________ because the only adequate diet becomes the one with one pound of rice and two pounds of beans.

*inversely: 반비례로, 반대로 **subsist on: ~으로 연명하다 ***ration: 배급량

① Bean sales double

② The price of rice drops

③ Fish consumption grows

④ The villagers save less money

⑤ More nutritious food is served

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

The confirming-evidence bias not only affects where we go to collect evidence, but also how we interpret the evidence we do receive, leading us to give too much weight to supporting information and too little to conflicting information. ① In one psychological study of this phenomenon, two groups — one opposed to and one supporting capital punishment — each read two reports of carefully conducted research on the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime. ② One report concluded that the death penalty was effective; the other concluded it was not. ③ Despite being exposed to solid scientific information supporting counter-arguments, the members of both groups became even more convinced of the validity of their own position after reading both reports. ④ This scientific approach in decision-making collected information from multiple sources and standardized questions to think critically and objectively. ⑤ They automatically accepted the supporting information and dismissed the conflicting information.

*deterrent: 억제책

[36 ~ 37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In our everyday lives we constantly use causal language. Sometimes this employs the word ‘cause’ (or its derivatives), for example ’She went through a red light and caused an accident’, or language that implies that something was caused, ‘I arrived late because I missed my flight’.

(A) Though in the social sciences such precision is not required, or indeed possible, a causal explanation is expected to go beyond common sense. Indeed causal explanation is a central feature of social science because many, if not most, questions are about why something is the case. Yet specifying what a 'cause’ is that goes beyond common sense is not straightforward.

(B) In common speech we do not distinguish between things caused by human behaviour or non-human events (e.g. the brakes failed and this caused the car to crash). Our everyday causal language is good enough for everyday events.

(C) However, in the sciences we require more precision. Pharmacologists must specify a precise dosage of a drug that will cause the desired effect, or indeed the maximum safe dosage; similarly accident investigators are required to closely specify the circumstances that caused a crash.

*derivative: 파생어 **pharmacologist: 약리학자 * scurvy: 괴혈병  ** anemia: 빈혈증

① (A) - (C) - (B)	② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)	④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

Observe a single ant and it doesn’t make much sense — walking in one direction, suddenly careening in another for no obvious reason, doubling back on itself. Thoroughly unpredictable.

(A) And critically, there’s no blueprint or central source of command — each individual ant has algorithms for its behaviors. But this is not the wisdom of the crowd, where a bunch of reasonably informed individuals outperform a single expert. The ants aren’t reasonably informed about the big picture.

(B) Instead, the behavior algorithms of each ant consist of a few simple rules for interacting with the local environment and local ants. And out of this emerges a highly efficient colony.

(C) The same happens with two ants, with a handful of ants. But a colony of ants makes fantastic sense. Specialized jobs, efficient means of exploiting new food sources, complex underground nests with temperature regulated within a few degrees.

*careen: (전속력으로) 달리다

① (A) - (C) - (B)	② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)	④ (C) - (A) - (B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

[38 ~ 39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

It could, however, be the backbone of a sophisticated new organism if physically integrated with humanity.

To be sure, the Internet is a human invention reflecting human choices and values. However, it often looks as if it is a separate species with an internal logic of its own. The 1987 stock market crash has been blamed on program trading — computers that started selling frantically because every other computer was selling. （ ① ） The ceaseless war between viruses and antivirus programs looks eerily like the workings of a biological ecosystem. （ ② ） However, even if one posits that the Internet is comparable to a biological species, it’s obvious that it’s not very intelligent. （ ③ ） It has primitive ways of “sensing” and “reacting,” but it has no self-awareness and no ability to formulate its own goals. （ ④ ） Nor could it ever reach such a state on its own. （ ⑤ ） The Internet would become a new nervous system for humanity, and humanity would become a new body and executive brain for the Internet.

*frantically: 미친 듯이 **eerily: 섬뜩하게 ***posit: 단정하다

If I hear that, on average, house prices have increased by 10 per cent in the period since I purchased the property, then I may shift my reference point and judge whether I have made a gain or loss relative to a reference value of £165,000.

We frame losses and gains relative to a subjective reference point. （ ① ） This means that we are concerned not so much about absolute wealth, but about our relative wealth. （ ② ） For example, if I have bought a house for £150,000, then this is likely to become my reference point, and it is against this value that I measure any gains or losses. （ ③ ） If I sell the house for more than £150,000, then I view this as a gain; if I sell the house for less than £150,000, then I view this as a loss. （ ④ ） But note that my reference point may not remain static over time. （ ⑤ ）A parallel situation can occur in stock markets where I set the initial reference value according to the purchase price I paid for the shares, but I may shift the reference value in the future according to how the stock market has performed overall.

*static: 고정된

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The contribution of culture to progress has been called the ratchet effect, based on an analogy with the tool that permits forward movement but prevents backward movement. Michael Tomasello, an expert who has written extensively about both primate and human thought capabilities, summarizes the effect this way. Two things are needed for progress. The first is innovation: Someone has to come up with a better solution to a common problem. The other is preservation: The solution has to be transmitted to others and remembered, so everyone can continue using it even after the inventor or discoverer has died. Tomasello says that nonhuman apes actually are pretty good at coming up with novel, creative solutions to problems. For them (our biological relatives), the problem is with preservation. Even if the solver remembers the solution for a while, and even if a couple of his or her mates copy the solution and use it for a while, it is eventually forgotten, and the next generation has to start over.

*ratchet: 래칫(한쪽 방향으로만 회전하게 되어 있는 톱니바퀴) **analogy: 유사점

According to Michael Tomasello’s explanation about the contribution of culture to progress, both humans and nonhuman apes are able to (A) _______________ solutions to problems, but only humans (B) ______________ them from generation to generation.

(A)	(B)

① imitate	transform

② devise	retain

③ devise	transform

④ imitate	advance

⑤ remember	advance

[41 ~ 42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

In Europe, it was not until the end of the eighteenth century that the musicians‘ guilds, which had regulated professional musical activities since the early Middle Ages, were (a) replaced by specific trade regulations that allowed and, indeed, forced musicians to offer their services to the general public for regular payment. As a consequence, a type of 'all-around musician’ emerged, characterized by the ability to cover a (b) broad repertoire, from dance music to folk song, from parlor song to the music of the vaudeville theater. This type of all-around musicianship became a major force in the development of popular music. The changes and uncertainties of the market and the demands of the consuming audience did not (c) permit a strict division of labor among musicians. Songwriters acted customarily as band leaders, and performing musicians frequently played more than one instrument. Many musicians were forced into an existence that hovered uneasily between that of the professional and that of the semiprofessional. However, with the growth of urbanization and industrialization, an increasing (d) blending occurred. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, popular musicians had clearly defined areas of work in dance music, in public entertainment and in music halls or musical theaters. These musicians frequently relied on a (e) formal training — graduating from one of the conservatories and then leaving the world of classical music, or taking lessons from one of the many popular musicians who supported themselves by giving lessons in addition to performing.

*vaudeville: 보드빌(춤과 노래 따위를 곁들인 가볍고 풍자적인 통속 희극)

**hover: 맴돌다 ***conservatory: 음악 학교

윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① How Did Diverse Music Genres Develop?

② Musicians‘ All-Aroundness: A Virtue or a Vice?

③ The Battle Between Classical and Popular Music

④ How Specialized Musicians Were Born in Europe

⑤ The Impacts of Popular Music on Industrialization

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

① (a)	② (b)	③ (c)	④ (d)	⑤ (e)

[43 ~ 45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A)

One day, a mother and her little girl went to a cottage for their vacation. Through the kitchen window, she saw her little girl swimming in the lake behind the house. Suddenly, the mother screamed in terror because something was swimming towards her girl from the opposite side of the lake. It was an alligator! (a) She ran out of the kitchen and shouted to her at the top of her lungs, “Get out of the lake! There’s an alligator!”

(B)

The little girl removed her blanket and exposed her legs. “These are the wounds from the alligator’s teeth.” Her legs were covered with them. She then said, “But my other wounds ― they’re what I’m proud of.” She exposed her arms and showed off the marks from her mother’s fingernails that had dug deep into her skin. “I love these wounds because they represent my mother’s love. (b) She would not let go of me. That’s why I have them.”

(C)

Just then, a man who was driving by saw what was happening. He quickly got out of his truck, grabbed his hunting gun, and shot the alligator. The little girl was rushed to the hospital to receive treatment for her injuries. Some time later, a journalist came to (c) her hospital room to interview her. After a few questions, she asked, “Would you mind if I take a picture of your wounds?” “Sure,” the little girl said. “Which ones do you want to photograph?” The journalist didn’t understand. “What do you mean?”

(D)

The little girl saw the oncoming alligator. She turned around and started swimming back as fast as she could. Just as she was about to get out of the lake, two things happened at the same time. The mother grabbed her arms, doing (d) her best to pull the little girl out of the water, and the alligator bit into her legs. What happened next was a struggle between the mother and the beast. The alligator was very strong, but so was (e) her love. She simply wouldn’t let go.

주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① (B) - (D) - (C)	② (C) - (B) - (D)

③ (C) - (D) - (B)	④ (D) - (B) - (C)

⑤ (D) - (C) - (B)

밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

① (a)	② (b)	③ (c)	④ (d)	⑤ (e)

윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?

① 소녀의 어머니는 소녀가 수영하는 것을 보았다.

② 소녀는 자신의 팔에 생긴 상처를 자랑스러워했다.

③ 소녀의 어머니는 악어를 총으로 쏘았다.

④ 기자가 소녀에게 상처 사진을 찍어도 되는지 물어봤다.

⑤ 소녀가 호수 밖으로 나오려는 순간 악어에게 다리를 물렸다.

※ 확인 사항

답안지의 해당란에 필요한 내용을 정확히 기입(표기)했는지 확인하시오.