2-1. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어는?

4번 fail 로 고쳐야함.

The understanding problem is simply that humans are not really set up to hear logic. People, however, like to hear stories. The reason that people like to hear stories, however, is not ①transparent to them. People need a context to help them relate what they have heard to what they already know. We understand events in terms of other events we have already ②understood. When a decision-making heuristic, or rule of thumb, is presented to us without a context, we cannot decide the ③validity of the rule we have heard, nor do we know where to store this rule in our memories. Thus, the rule we are given is both difficult to evaluate and difficult to remember, making it virtually useless. People who ④attempt to couch what they have to say in memorable stories will have their rules fall on deaf ears despite their best intentions, and despite the best intentions of their listeners. A good teacher is not one who explains things correctly, but one who couches his explanations in a ⑤memorable (i.e., an interesting) format.

✽heuristic 발견적 방법 ✽✽couch 표현하다

2-2. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

4번 사이버 공간의 익명성 유지 필요성과 관계없음.

Directness and honesty are qualities that our society values highly. ①We expect people to be who they say they are and tell us the truth about themselves. ②Before the advent of computers, anyone who used an assumed name was thought to be hiding something disreputable. Inexperienced computer users may continue to feel this way about online contacts. ③Because so many of the cues that we use to evaluate people are missing in cyberspace, computer users need to understand that virtual meeting places are different from face-toface contacts. ④Trust is the essential component of social life enabling successful cooperation and fostering well-being.  ⑤Until we have good reason to know and trust the people behind the instant message pop-up or the chat room screen, we should remain anonymous and it is not dishonest to do so.

2-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 진보는 요소를 나누어서 보아야 하는데 사람들은 나눌 수 없는 듯 생각

To appreciate the long-term benefits of industrialization one does not have to accept its cruelties. One can imagine an alternative history of the Industrial Revolution in which modern sensibilities applied earlier and the factories operated without children and with better working conditions for the adults. Today there are doubtless factories in the developing world that could offer as many jobs and still turn a profit while treating their workers more humanely. Pressure from trade negotiators and consumer protests has measurably improved working conditions in many places, and it is a natural progression as countries get richer and more integrated into the global community. Progress consists not in accepting every change as part of a(an)         package — as if we had to make a yes-or-no decision on whether the Industrial Revolution, or globalization, is a good thing or bad thing, exactly as each has unfolded in every detail. Progress consists of unbundling the features of a social process as much as we can to maximize the human benefits while minimizing the harms.

① indivisible ② separable ③ disreputable ④ transparent ⑤ oblivious

2-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

5번 요약문은 마치 이전에 없었던 것처럼 이전글과 독립적이어야 한다.

As for the advice to say what you said, the key is the expression “in other words.” There’s no sense in copying a sentence from every paragraph and pasting them together at the end. That just forces the reader to figure out the point of those sentences all over again, and it is tantamount to a confession that the author isn’t presenting ideas (which can always be clothed in different language) but just shuffling words around the page. A summary should repeat enough of the key words to allow the reader to connect it back to the earlier passages that spelled out the points in detail. But those words should be fitted into new sentences that work together as a coherent passage of prose in its own right. The summary should be            , almost as if the material being summarized had never existed.

✽tantamount to ~와 같은[동등한] ✽✽shuffle 뒤섞다

① self-prophecy ② self-conscious  ③ self-admiring

④ self-evident  ⑤ self-contained

3-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는? 3

2번 부정적인 내용의 시작부분

Nonetheless, experimenting on oneself remains deeply problematic.

Regulations covering scientific experiments on human subjects are stringent. Subjects must give their informed, written consent, and experimenters must submit their proposed experiments to rigorous scrutiny by overseeing bodies. Scientists who experiment on themselves can, functionally if not legally, avoid the restrictions associated with experimenting on other people. ①They can also sidestep most of the ethical issues involved: nobody, presumably, is more aware of an experiment’s potential hazards than the scientist who devised it. ②One obvious drawback is the danger involved; knowing that it exists does nothing to reduce it. ③A less obvious drawback is the limited range of data that the experiment can generate. ④Human anatomy and physiology vary, in small but significant ways, according to gender, age, lifestyle, and other factors. ⑤Experimental results derived from a single subject are, therefore, of limited value; there is no way to know whether the subject’s responses are typical or atypical of the response of humans as a group.

✽stringent 엄격한, 엄중한 ✽✽scrutiny 정밀 조사 ✽✽✽anatomy (해부학적) 구조

3-3. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 b-c-a 예술 수업 – 시각 장애 학생 – 청각 장애 학생 – 움직임 장애 학생

In many schools, the art program traditionally has been viewed as a particularly favorable setting for educating students with special needs.

a) Children with hearing impairment can visually observe a demonstration of color mixing with paint and try the process with immediately verifiable results, and children with motor disabilities can work with finger paints or with large brushes for painting.

b) In art classes, children are able to interact with such materials as paint or clay in direct response to their senses of sight, sound, smell, and touch. The materials of art are sensory, concrete, and manipulable in direct ways that are unique within the school curriculum.

c) All the senses can be brought into interaction, providing opportunities to adapt art making activities for students who have some sensory or mobility impairment. For example, children with visual impairment can form expressive objects with clay. ✽impairment (신체적·정신적) 장애

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-4. 다음 글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

2번 우주기술이 의학 영상 장비에 영향을 준 내용인데 2번은 아폴로 첫 번째 미션에 대한 설명.

Medical imaging techniques are constantly being refined, and this effort has been aided by various space technologies over the years. Digital image processing techniques developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to allow for computer enhancement of lunar pictures from the Apollo missions have since led to improved MRI and CT imaging. ① Techniques in astronomy have also refined imaging. ②During the 11-day flight at the first Apollo mission, the crew conducted a number of tests on the spacecraft systems and conducted the first live TV program from an American spacecraft.③The very same infrared sensors used to remotely observe the temperature of stars and planets are now being used to help surgeons map brain tumors. ④Charge-Coupled Device chip technologies stemming from the Hubble Telescope have greatly furthered breast cancer detection techniques, allowing breast tissue to be imaged more clearly and efficiently, thus increasing resolution so as to be able to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors without resorting to surgical biopsy. ⑤Moreover, the procedure is ten times cheaper than a surgical biopsy, and greatly reduces the pain, scarring, radiation exposure and time associated with surgical biopsies.

✽malignant 악성의 ✽✽benign 양성의 ✽✽✽biopsy 조직 검사

4-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 로고가 등장하는 위치

Over time, the landscape identity can evolve into a sort of “logo” that can be used to sell the stories of the landscape.

The way in which people shape landscapes often reflects the dominant culture. ①In a highly commercialized setting such as the United States, it is not surprising that many landscapes are seen as commodities. In other words, they are valued because of their market potential.  ②Residents develop an identity in part based on how the landscape can generate income for the community. ③This process involves more than the conversion of the natural elements into commodities. ④The landscape itself, including the people and their sense of self, takes on the form of a commodity. ⑤Thus, California’s “Wine Country,” Florida’s “Sun Coast,” or South Dakota’s “Badlands” shape how both outsiders and residents perceive a place, and these labels build a set of expectations associated with the culture of those who live there.

4-1-2. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 시장 잠재력 = 소득 발생 = 풍경의 상품화

The way in which people shape landscapes often reflects the dominant culture. In a highly commercialized setting such as the United States, it is not surprising that many landscapes are seen as commodities. In other words, they are valued because of their           . Residents develop an identity in part based on how the landscape can generate income for the community. This process involves more than the conversion of the natural elements into commodities. The landscape itself, including the people and their sense of self, takes on the form of a commodity. Over time, the landscape identity can evolve into a sort of “logo” that can be used to sell the stories of the landscape. Thus, California’s “Wine Country,” Florida’s “Sun Coast,” or South Dakota’s “Badlands” shape how both outsiders and residents perceive a place, and these labels build a set of expectations associated with the culture of those who live there.

① image improvement    ② market potential

③ universal reference    ④ false expectation

⑤ natural elements

4-2. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 사람마다 미술을 인식하는 방식에 차이가 있음. 그 차이가 가르치는 방식에 영향을 줌. 그래서 사회적 관점에선 역사등의 과목에 미술을 함께 하고 자립적 관점에서는 사회적 배경에서 독립적으로 공부

There are multiple views of the learner in theories of cognition, just as there are multiple theories of the nature of art.

a) But if works of art are thought of as autonomous structures whose meaning is set by the artist, where there is one “objective” or “right” interpretation, independent of its social context, then it might make more sense to pair this conception of art with the view of the learner as a lone individual.

b) At the same time, if works of art are to be understood in terms of their social and cultural origins and purposes, then it would make sense to integrate the knowledge of the artwork into those subjects, such as the social studies or history, where knowledge of the culture and society is collaterally provided.

c) Some portray the learner as a lone individual trying to make sense of a work of art or, for that matter, the world. Others picture learners as living within a social or cultural context from which knowledge derives its meaning. Such different views of the learner have consequences for teaching the arts.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

4-3. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문은?

3번 음악은 언어와 마찬가지로 의미있기 위해서는 규칙이 필요하다는 글. 3번은 깊은 대화가 관계를 이어준다는 내용.

You may resist the notion that music, which you think should be free to express emotion, is best thought of as rule-governed behavior. ①But rules govern all meaningful human cultural behavior in just this way. ②The point is not that musical performance is predetermined by rules, but that it proceeds according to them. In this view, music is like a game or a conversation: Without rules we could not have a game, and without agreement about what words are, what they mean, and how they are used, we could not hold a meaningful conversation. ③In an experiment, social psychologist Arthur Aron found pairs who discussed ‘deep questions’ were much more likely to maintain their level of connection than those who kept to small talk. ④Nonetheless, just as meaningful conversations can express emotion, so meaningful music can express it as well, though not, of course, in exactly the same way. ⑤Further, if a listener does not understand the rules, he or she can understand neither the intention of the composer or musician nor the music’s structure.

4-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 마르서스의 논문에 글을 쓰긴 했지만 그의 이야기에 경제학을 안좋게 말한 것이 아니라 노예제도를 말하면서라고 설명하는 부분.

But Carlyle’s negative characterization of economics in fact appears in an article that he wrote about slavery in the West Indies, not in any of his writings about Malthus.

Since the 19th century, economics has borne the dishonorable name of “the dismal science.” Some people think economics is called “the dismal science” because it’s a dry and difficult subject. ①Others think it’s because economics tackles depressing topics such as poverty, crime, war, taxes, inflation, and economic collapse. ②The cheerless nickname has been attributed by some to the Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle, who reportedly coined the term when discussing economist Thomas Malthus’s prediction that one day population growth would outstrip food production and cause widespread famine. ③It’s true that Carlyle wrote about Malthus on occasion. ④And, as it turns out, Carlyle delivered his insult to economics simply because the free market economists of his time did not support his proslavery views. ⑤So, in the end, economics earned its less than auspicious nickname for being on what most would agree was the right side of history.

✽dismal 우울한 ✽✽auspicious 상서로운

8-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 유아(출산) = 이 지속적으로 돌보고 관심을 주어야 하는 일

Consider the difficulties of childbirth and the extraordinary care necessary for keeping a child alive during its infancy!

Communal living became a necessity because the community and the division of labour through which all individuals subordinate themselves to the group, ensured the continued existence of the species. ①Only division of labour (which is another way of saying civilization) is capable of ensuring that the tools of survival are available to humankind. ②Only after they had learned about the division of labour did humans learn how to assert themselves. ③This prolonged care and attention could only be exercised where division of labour existed. ④Think of the number of illnesses and disorders that human flesh is heir to, particularly in infancy, and you have some conception of the inordinate amount of care each human life demands, and some understanding of the need for communal living. ⑤The community is the best guarantor of the continued existence of human beings!

✽inordinate 엄청난

8-3. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 역사학파는 경제학이 보편적으로 타당한 법칙이 있는 것이 아니라 개개인 별로 (나라별 사회나 문화, 역사에 따라) 다르다고 생각.

In 1843, German economist Wilhelm Roscher explicitly raised the issue of the need to use the historical method in economics, the essential element of which should be a comparative approach. Roscher argued that economic behaviours are dependent on their historical and social context, causes that in their studies should be used not only in an economic but also a historical and sociological approach. The first task of a researcher is therefore to immerse oneself in history to get as wide a knowledge of economic facts as possible, and on that basis determines the relationship between the economy and society. This explains hy so much effort of the representatives of the so-called older historical school, notably Bruno Hildebrand and Karl Knies, focused on describing the stages of the historical development of society. There is often talk of the methodological assumption common to most representatives of this school of thought, shared by their English counterparts, which was a denial of the existence of universally valid economic laws in conjunction with the emphasis on the importance of                    .

✽immerse 몰두하다 ✽✽in conjunction with ~와 함께

① individual facts ② holistic views ③ integrated values

④ impossible expectation ⑤ scientific approach

8-3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 경제적 지식을 알려면 역사를 알아야 함.

In 1843, German economist Wilhelm Roscher explicitly raised the issue of the need to use the historical method in economics, the essential element of which should be a comparative approach. Roscher argued that economic behaviours are dependent on their historical and social context, causes that in their studies should be used not only in an economic but also a historical and sociological approach. The first task of a researcher is therefore                  to get as wide a knowledge of economic facts as possible, and on that basis determines the relationship between the economy and society. This explains hy so much effort of the representatives of the so-called older historical school, notably Bruno Hildebrand and Karl Knies, focused on describing the stages of the historical development of society. There is often talk of the methodological assumption common to most representatives of this school of thought, shared by their English counterparts, which was a denial of the existence of universally valid economic laws in conjunction with the emphasis on the importance of individual facts.

✽immerse 몰두하다 ✽✽in conjunction with ~와 함께

① to get cooperative performance

② to find universal evidence

③ to meet archaeologists in the countries

④ to discuss the issue with experts interested

⑤ to immerse oneself in history

8-4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 진품성을 인증서(보증서)를 통해 확인. 그래서 외부적인 표시물 이라고 함.

A guarantee of authenticity through a form of certification is important to many tourist consumers. Documentation of legitimacy may be provided in the form of official paperwork and certificates, photographs, artisans’ signatures, and dates. In their 1993 paper, Littrell and her colleagues suggest that it is typically tourists with a need for status who often judge authenticity by            such as these. According to nearly half of the visitors in one New Zealand study, authenticity was important in their decision to buy an item of clothing. When asked if they would be more likely to buy clothing from New Zealand if design authenticity were included on the label, 46% said that they would. The same study also noted that domestic tourists from New Zealand, as well as visitors from Australia and Asia, consider verification of genuineness on labels very important in their purchasing decisions, while visitors from Europe and North America were less concerned with the issue.✽verification 확인

① cultural values ② external markers ③ ethnic society

④ tourism advancement ⑤ item labels

9-1. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 유머는 조롱이 될 수 있으므로 카운슬러가 조심해야 하지만 긍정적인 면으로 신뢰를 다질 수 있다. 그래서 인디언들에게 치료효과를 간과하지 말고 그들과 신뢰를 형성하는데 더 좋다. .

While humor is one of the important coping mechanisms of Native Americans, it should be used only if the client invites it, meaning that the client trusts the counselor enough to connect on that level.

a) However, in the positive direction, humor provides the opportunity to connect with the client on her or his ground and share a powerful trust. In sum, although counselors working with Native American clients should exercise caution when using humor, they definitely should not overlook it as a powerful therapeutic technique.

b) Indian humor serves the purpose of reaffirming and enhancing the sense of connectedness as part of family, clan, and tribe. To the extent that it can serve that purpose in the counseling relationship, it is all the better.

c) What, in one situation, can be humor between two people, in another can be interpreted as ridicule or wearing a mask. Counselors, therefore, have to be sensitive to using humor in a way that doesn’t reinforce various means of oppression that the client has endured probably for all of her or his life.

✽clan 씨족

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

9-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 처음에는 수집 그리고 도시 인구 증가하면서 생산 그리고 오래 보관하려고 정제 ex) 설탕, 보드카

For millions of years man and his closest ancestors obtained food (and medicinal substances) from nature in a ready form. There was nothing to prevent the whole diversity of biologically active substances from entering his body.

a) This coincided with the emergence of a second way of deriving material benefits — ‘production’. But side by side with production, in the sense of the creation of completely new objects for consumption, goes the process of purification (distillation, refinement, etc.).

b) Cooking food was an individual domestic affair. ‘Gathering’ was the first way man received material benefits. The sharp fall in rural populations that accompanied the growth of cities and the development of so-called public catering necessitated the production and storage of enormous quantities of food products.

c) We have called this process ‘anti-gathering’. It has led to finely ground flour products, polished rice and other grain removed from the husk, refined oil, and refined sugar. The choice of vegetables and wild-growing plants has shrunk ; pure spirits such as vodka have replaced natural wines.

✽husk (곡물의) 겉껍질 ✽✽spirits 증류주

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

9-3. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 온라인에서는 다른 이들이 보이지 않기 때문에 사회적인 여러 요소들과 관계없이 도움을 주려고 한다.

In the offline world, bystander helping is influenced by the number of other people available to provide help. If people see that others are available to help, their own motivation to help is diminished. In the online world, it is hard to know how many potential helpers are available. The combination of visible needs for help and unknown numbers of potential helpers may make the felt need to offer help more salient. Until one person actually offers help, every potential helper may assume that he or she is the only one who could help.              also reduces the barriers to offering help for people whose age, gender, race, or other visible attributes lead people to discount their contributions in the offline world, regardless of their actual usefulness. Help provided is not spurned on the basis of  irrelevant physical or social attributes; it can be judged based solely on its quality.

✽salient 두드러진, 현저한 ✽✽spurn 일축하다

① Physical invisibility ② Numerous helpers

③ Free accessibility ④ Strict regulation ⑤ Real availability

10-1. 다음 중 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 slender 라고 써야함. 기반이 빈약할 때는 반대되는 예시에 이해 가설은 받아들여지지 않고 새로운 가설이 만들어짐.

If the hypothesis under consideration is a simple generalization, it may be sufficient to test it by looking for more examples, seeing whether or not the generalization holds for them. Under these circumstances ①unfavorable examples which violate the generalization may or may not lead to its rejection. If the generalization has any ②reasonable body of supporting data, the finding of new facts which do not fit usually leads to the refinement or elaboration of the original hypothesis rather than its complete rejection. On the other hand, if the original basis for the hypothesis was ③strong, the unfavorable instances may so ④outweigh the favorable ones as to make it reasonable to believe that the earlier agreement was a matter of pure chance. Also, a new hypothesis may be developed which ⑤fits the original data and the new data as well.

10-3. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

3번 helps 동사자리임.

To at least “compare notes” with other philosophically interested people ①adds something crucial to the practice of philosophy itself and not just because it’s important to make your ideas more widely known. Rather, it helps you hone your ideas to greater quality. Part of this is making sure ②that your ideas and reasoning process are as clearly spelled out as possible; ensuring that they’re clear to someone else ③helping make them clearer to yourself. This is how a philosopher ensures that he or she is really making sense and using valid reasoning processes. If you are challenged by someone who seems to disagree, this forces you to be as ④clear as possible about what principles you are starting with and exactly how you are reasoning to a given conclusion. This gives both participants in a philosophical exchange an indispensable opportunity ⑤to hone their ideas and reasoning skills. Thus, the social component of philosophy is an essential part of the doing of philosophy itself.                        ✽hone 연마하다

10-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 새로운 지위를 얻으면 새로운 의상을 입을 권리가 생김.

In a formalized manner the social structure of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast is based on intricate forms of clan and family lineage regulated by both birth and wealth. Rank and privilege were proclaimed by song, speech, and costume in tribal cultures where relative status in the community was of prime importance. Whole costumes from headgear to leggings were decorated with a readable heraldic system based on familiar animals associated with clan symbolism, and personal, often inherited, spiritual relationships. Costumes were worn at the social and religious events that expressed their highly differentiated and formally structured society. As a new rank was achieved or a fresh honor bestowed upon an individual, the concurrent rise in prestige and status was often marked by that person’s right to                                 . In this way the ownership and display of ritual clothing was literally the visual fabric of the social order.

✽indigenous 토착의 ✽✽heraldic 문장(紋章)의 ✽✽✽bestow 부여하다

① show off their new position by host a feast

② make a new family with other tribes

③ use one’s power to control others

④ choose what religious events one would participate in

⑤ wear another highly specialized symbolic garment

11-3. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

2번 우리가 인식하기도 전에 숫자 문제를 해결할 수 있음.

We sometimes                                 . For example, suppose you are conducting a meeting and you want to ensure that everyone there has a copy of the agenda. You can deal with this by labelling each copy of the handout in turn with the initials of each of those present. As long as you do not run out of copies before completing this process, you will know that you have a sufficient number to go around. You have then solved this problem without resorting to arithmetic and without explicit counting. There are numbers at work for us here all the same and they allow precise comparison of one collection with another, even though the members that make up the collections could have entirely different characters, as is the case here, where one set is a collection of people, while the other consists of pieces of paper. What numbers allow us to do is to compare the relative size of one set with another.                               ✽arithmetic 산수

① realize the new way to count things with arithmetic

② solve number problems almost without realizing it

③ collect too little information in comparison

④ need more than what we think is sufficient

⑤ can’t find absolute answer in mathematics

11-4. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 학교 교육이 기본적인 질문도 하지 않음. 뇌 발달이나 교육 시기에 대해 질문 하기 보다는 오히려 표준 시험을 잘보기 위해 반복 암기만 시킴. 그래서 우리가 하는 것은 많지만 얻는게 적고 교육 개혁은 실패.

For more than two decades, school reform has been driven by an agenda that appears to be uninformed by even the most basic research into what we now know about the functioning of the brain or the healthy development of the child.

a) Rather, they seem to be asking, “What do we need this child to be able to do in order to meet our school, local, or national standards?” Most reform has been focused on what to cram into children’s heads — and testing them ad nauseam to see what sticks — rather than on developing their brains.

b) What this means is that we do more but accomplish less. Educational reforms fail because they hinge on policies that lower the sense of control of students, teachers, and administrators alike, predictably leading to greater stress, lower student engagement, and ever more teacher dissatisfaction and burnout.

c) Educational leaders and policy makers aren’t asking, “What do children need for healthy brain development?” “How do they learn best?” or “When’s the optimal time to teach him or her to read or do algebra?”                ✽ad nauseam 지겹도록 ✽✽hinge on ~에 의존하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

12-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 인생이란 경주에서 결과보다 과정이 중요. 승리를 추구하는 것도 괜찮지만 과정은 모두가 승리할 수 있음. 핵심은 승리에 대한 개인의 정의임. 즉 승리는 풍경, 좋은 사람들, 생각할 시간이 되어 질 수 있음. 쥐가 되지 말아야함.

The key is to develop a personal definition of winning.

Think of life as a charity foot race. The race, like many things in life, will have a similar outcome for most of the participants — they will all reach the finish line. The only difference then, is the process of running the race. ①What then is the difference between the person, eyes focused straight ahead, who rushes from the starting line to the finish line in a wild dash hope of winning and the person who looks to the right and left and still arrives at the finish line? ②Not that there’s anything wrong with winning races; however, only one person can win by reaching the finish line first, while everyone can win from the standpoint of the process. ③Winning can be enjoying the scenery, the nice people along the way, or even the time for reflection during the relaxed race. ④Remember the old rat race analogy — it might be more important not to be a rat than to win the rat race. ⑤After all, if you win the rat race, you will still be a rat.

12-1-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 설명 참조 .

Think of life as a charity foot race. The race, like many things in life, will have a similar outcome for most of the participants — they will all reach the finish line.

a) Not that there’s anything wrong with winning races; however, only one person can win by reaching the finish line first, while everyone can win from the standpoint of the process. The key is to develop a personal definition of winning.

b) The only difference then, is the process of running the race. What then is the difference between the person, eyes focused straight ahead, who rushes from the starting line to the finish line in a wild dash hope of winning and the person who looks to the right and left and still arrives at the finish line?

c) Winning can be enjoying the scenery, the nice people along the way, or even the time for reflection during the relaxed race. Remember the old rat race analogy — it might be more important not to be a rat than to win the rat race. After all, if you win the rat race, you will still be a rat.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

12-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 소비 ( 크레올과 케이준이라는 단어가 소비의 대상이 되어 그 단어 속에 있는 역사와 민족에 대한 내용이 없어짐.)

For many people, the words “Cajun” and “Creole” lead to visions of gumbo, red beans and rice, crawfish, and just about anything that’s been “blackened, Cajun-style.” While these culinary traditions are distinctive and delicious, they have overshadowed the many other unique cultural contributions made by Louisiana’s Cajun and Creole communities, and are often considered without reference to the social and historical contexts that produced them. When “Cajun” and “Creole” are reduced to adjectives on menus and food labels, it becomes easy to lose sight of the people those adjectives first described. As poet Sheryl St. Germain writes in “Cajun,” she fears “the word’s been stolen” by retail commodifiers of a culture emptied of its content and its history, reduced — quite literally — to an object of              .

① identity

② history

③ consumption

④ challenge

⑤ uniqueness

12-3. 다음 글에 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 디지털 기술이 학교 건물안에 들어오면 창의력과 작용력이 사라진다. strip

As Larry Cuban, former president of the American Educational Research Association, points out, schools have spent billions of dollars over the years on technologies that have, in fact, ①changed very little of how we think about an “education” in the developed world. More often than not, we ②achieve the agency and freedoms that digital tools give to learners and creators outside of school when they bring those same tools into the building. The system of ③schooling that most of us are products of is based on a series of structures and efficiencies that do not work well with the messier, less linear, more self-organized ways we can learn, create, and connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost unwittingly ④marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments. Few would argue that in schools today, we see technology primarily as an institutional teaching tool, not a ⑤personal learning tool.

✽unwittingly 부지불식간에  ✽✽relegate (덜 중요한 위치로) 밀쳐 버리다

12-3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

4번 현대 사람들은 디지털 기술을 개인적 도구가 아니라 제도적 도구(학교용 도구)로 생각하는 사람이 별로 없음.

As Larry Cuban, former president of the American Educational Research Association, points out, schools have spent billions of dollars over the years on technologies that have, in fact, changed very little of how we think about an “education” in the developed world. More often than not, we strip the agency and freedoms that digital tools give to learners and creators outside of school when they bring those same tools into the building. The system of schooling that most of us are products of is based on a series of structures and efficiencies that do not work well with the messier, less linear, more self-organized ways we can learn, create, and connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost unwittingly marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments. Few would argue that in schools today, we see technology primarily as an                       teaching tool, not a personal learning tool.

✽unwittingly 부지불식간에  ✽✽relegate (덜 중요한 위치로) 밀쳐 버리다

① restricted   ② home-schooling   ③ structured

④ institutional   ⑤ demanding

13-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 수학은 심오하고 오랫동안 자연의 심오한 것을 말함. 그래서 위대한 수학자들은 신은 수학자라 생각하였고 자연의 숨겨진 비밀을 수학을 통해 밝히려 하며 겉에는 혼란스럽지만 자연의 표면 아래에는 예상치 못한 단순성(질서)이 있다고 봄.

Mathematics is one of the most profound creations of the human mind.

a) For thousands of years, the content of mathematical theories seemed to tell us something profound about the nature of the natural world — something that could not be expressed in any way other than the mathematical.

b) The immediate evidence from the natural world may seem to be chaotic and without any inner regularity, but mathematics reveals that under the surface the world of nature has an unexpected simplicity — an extraordinary beauty and order.

c) How many of the greatest minds in history, from Pythagoras to Galileo to Gauss to Einstein, have held that “God is a mathematician”? This attitude reveals a reverence for mathematics that is occasioned by the sense that nature has a secret code that reveals her hidden order.

✽reverence 경외(심) ✽✽occasion 야기하다, 원인이 되다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

13-4. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 현대 영화 음악은 실제 악기를 이용하는 것이 아니라 컴퓨터를 이용함. 그 예시가 발리우드. 신발리우드와 구발리우드의 차이는 디지털 음악이냐 아닌가임.

The advent of technological innovations in sound production has had radical (some might argue liberating) consequences for film scoring and recording.

a) Such changes to film scoring have been so dramatic and the economic consequences so profound that Gregory Booth, in a recent book on the Mumbai film industry, labels the preprogramming years “Old Bollywood” and postprogramming “New Bollywood.”

b) It is theoretically possible now, in many parts of the world, for a composer to virtually create and produce an entire score, thus eliminating the need for teams of assistants, arrangers, and copyists to realize the score, and live musicians on acoustic instruments to perform it. In many film industries it is becoming increasingly necessary for composers to have computer expertise.

c) In Bollywood, for instance, it has become so commonplace for scores to be digitally produced on a synthesizer that the very nomenclature has begun to change, with the term “programmer” replacing “music director.”

✽score (영화 음악 등을) 작곡하다; (음악) 작품, 악보 ✽✽nomenclature (학술적) 명명(법)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 이전에 장인은 자신이 원하는 대로 생산을 결정했지만 산업화이후 장인들은 공장을 위해 일하고 공장주에게 답을 해야 하였다.

But with the dawn of industrialization and mass production, craftsmen fell on hard times and were increasingly forced to work for the hated factories.

Today, Luddite is a disparaging term used to refer to a person who is opposed to or cautiously critical of technology. But it’s important to remember that the original Luddites were not, in fact, opposed to technology per se. It was not the machines themselves that the Luddites feared and reacted against. Rather, they understood that technology is meant to serve humans, not the other way around. ①Luddites were not protesting the technology itself; they were objecting to the new economic realities brought about by the machines. ②In former times, craftsmen had been able to work at their own pace and set their own prices for their goods. ③Suddenly they were answerable not to themselves but to a factory owner; they had to give up autonomy, or starve. ④They saw what the machines meant to their livelihood, to their lives, to their families, and to their communities. ⑤And they didn’t like what they saw.

14-1-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 결국 장인은 자치권을 포기해야 함.

Today, Luddite is a disparaging term used to refer to a person who is opposed to or cautiously critical of technology. But it’s important to remember that the original Luddites were not, in fact, opposed to technology per se. It was not the machines themselves that the Luddites feared and reacted against. Rather, they understood that technology is meant to serve humans, not the other way around. Luddites were not protesting the technology itself; they were objecting to the new economic realities brought about by the machines. In former times, craftsmen had been able to work at their own pace and set their own prices for their goods. But with the dawn of industrialization and mass production, craftsmen fell on hard times and were increasingly forced to work for the hated factories. Suddenly they were answerable not to themselves but to a factory owner; they had to give up             , or starve. They saw what the machines meant to their livelihood, to their lives, to their families, and to their communities. And they didn’t like what they saw.

① dependency ② autonomy ③ history

④ productivity ⑤ efficiency

14-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 공공재에 대한 이야기 시작. 첫 번째 예시가 가로등

Public goods, on the other hand, are subject to the free-rider problem.

The free market will tend to oversupply goods with negative externalities, and undersupply goods with positive externalities. It is easy to see why. Creating a negative externality is often a way of dumping your costs on another: literally. ①If it is cheaper to use a noisy production process than a quiet one, other people are inadvertently ‘subsidizing’ my use of the noisy process by bearing the cost of being disturbed by the noise. ②Why should I contribute to supply street lights if I will get the benefit whether or not I contribute? ③But if everyone thinks like this — and the market encourages this type of reasoning — no lighting will be provided. ④It is normally assumed that the solution to these problems is to make the state the supplier of public goods, taxing citizens to pay for them. ⑤Similarly the state can make pollution illegal, returning the costs to the polluter.

✽inadvertently 의도치 않게 ✽✽subsidize 보조금을 주다

14-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 테러로 인해 타격을 받은 항공산업. 재난에 의한 수요 부족. 어떻게 해야할까? 정부가 개입할까 말까? 개입하지 않으면 대규모 실업 발생하기 때문에 개입해서 재정지원 필요.

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks left the economy reeling from a lack of spending and confidence. One industry that was affected the most was the airline industry. This industry suffered huge and insurmountable losses that threatened the survival of the largest airline companies.

a) So the question became, what should be done? Should the government have let the forces of supply and demand take over and eventually revamp the airline industry? Or should the government have taken a more proactive approach? The answer depended on time.

b) If the government had stood by and let the economy regulate itself in this situation, the airline industry may have recovered, but in the process, countless more jobs would have been lost. So the government intervened and put together a monetary aid package to keep the airline industry alive.

c) Without air travel, businesses became slower, less efficient, and less reliable. In this instance, a lack of demand wasn’t necessarily indicative of consumers’ true feelings toward air travel. Rather, this lack of demand was created by an extreme disaster.

✽reel 휘청거리다 ✽✽revamp 개조하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 지역 정체성 (진정성)을 지키려는 노력

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point where the concept of place is no longer salient. Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city resembling an airport terminal. While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry. In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals preserves a(an)             sense of place.  ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

① ambivalent ② democratic ③ international

④ expanding ⑤ genuine

14-4-2. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 공공장소들이 전부 상업지역이 되어버림. 공항 커피샵처럼. 이것은 외부의 영향력 (국제적인 광고회사들)에 의한 것임. 지역적 특이성이 사라져서 일부는 그 문화의 진정성을 지키고자 노력을 함.

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point where the concept of place is no longer salient.

a) Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city resembling an airport terminal.

b) In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals preserves a genuine sense of place.

c) While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry.  ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-4-3. 다음 중 잘못된 어법을 고르세요.

3번 resembling 동사 자리가 아님.

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point ①where the concept of place is no longer salient. Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and ②facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city ③resemble an airport terminal. While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space ④given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry. In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals ⑤preserves a genuine sense of place.   ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

15-1. 다음 글이 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 인공물 (유물) 보다 해석하는 것이 더 중요하다는 것이 현대 고고학의 특징

In the popular media, archaeology is mainly identified with spectacular discoveries of artifacts from prehistoric and ancient cultures, such as the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun. As a result, people often think of archaeologists primarily as collectors. But contemporary archaeologists are much more interested in understanding and explaining their finds in terms of what those objects say about the behavior that produced them than in creating collections. Their principal task is to infer the nature of past cultures based on the patterns of the artifacts left behind. Archaeologists work like detectives, slowly sifting and interpreting evidence. The context in which things are found, the location of an archaeological site, and the precise position of an artifact within that site are critical to interpretation. In fact, these considerations may be more important than               itself.

① the artifact ② the context ③ the task ④ the culture ⑤ the education

15-3.  다음 글의 흐름상 맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

2번 산업화에 따른 공장에 노동분할에 대한 이야기는 미국 과거 농업 사회의 특성과 맞지 않음.

Less than one hundred years ago most rural households in the United States sustained themselves by farming. While some agricultural products were sold for money on the open market, others were produced solely for household consumption or for bartering with neighbors. All family members, including husbands, wives, and children, contributed their labor to the economic maintenance and survival of the household. ①While there was a well-established division of labor along gender and age lines in many farm households, there was not a well-articulated and formalized occupational structure within most rural areas. ②Because of the large amount of labour saved by giving workers specialized tasks in Industrial Revolution-era factories, some classical economists were proponents of division of labour. ③In this social and economic context, the household, the community, and the economy were tightly bound up with one another. ④The local economy was not something that could be isolated from society. ⑤Rather the economy was embedded in the social relations of the farm household and the rural community.

✽embed (단단히) 박다[끼워 넣다]

15-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 공적 도덕과 사적 도덕은 서로 갈라진다는 글.

Democratic peoples — especially Americans — respond strongly to moral narratives that cleanly distinguish between the forces of good and evil. They have a harder time coming to grips with moral complexity and ambiguity. Private and public morality sometimes             . The norms of foreign policy and war are not congruent with those of domestic affairs. And the virtues of the private household do not always map neatly onto those of the public household. For example, most economists believe that poorly timed public thrift — austerity — can make a bad economic situation worse. But most people have a hard time understanding why it can be right for a government to spend more than it is taking in — especially if the public deficit is used to finance current consumption. While many parents grasp the rationale of going into debt to finance a college education, they are loath to cosign loans for children’s fancy cars and flat-screen TVs.      ✽austerity 긴축, 내핍 ✽✽loath 꺼리는

①  integrate  ② interact  ③ diverge  ④ coincide  ⑤ improve

16-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 미술 수업때 미술가와 작품 연결, 첫 번째는 미술가 마다 작품 연결 두 번째는 미술가와 작품 혼합, 후자가 더 잘 기억함.

Imagine being in an art appreciation class and having to learn the styles of different artists.

a) When all participants were later shown a series of new paintings (paintings by these artists that they had not seen during the learning phase) and were asked to identify the artist, the group that viewed the interwoven learning set was much better at identifying the correct artist.

b) In the experiment, half the learners got the paintings in blocks as they would be presented in the typical classroom. (“Here are six paintings by Picasso. Now that you have learned Picasso, let’s move on to Miró...”). The other half of the learners studied the paintings in a randomized fashion, with any given artist’s paintings interwoven among those of the other artists.

c) Traditional teaching methods would approach the works of each artist separately so as not to confuse the learners. In a fascinating study, participants were tasked with learning the styles of 12 artists based on a viewing of six sample paintings per artist.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

16-3. 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 부분은?

5번 대동사 문제  test and retest를 받아주기 때문에 do

In addition to ①appropriating (and sometimes anticipating) the modern medical model for the diagnosis of crime, Arthur Conan Doyle also perfected a literary form for Sherlock Holmes that owed its origins to the medical profession as well — the case history. The new discipline of pathological anatomy as a form of medical diagnosis in the period ②brought with it a new epistemological imperative for the physician to observe carefully every detail of the patient’s environment and physical condition, and to record that information in the form of a case study ③that would explore the network of possible connections between the seemingly insignificant details. In the case history, the physician would test and retest every conceivable set of relations until the cause of the patient’s illness ④made sense, much as Holmes would ⑤be in his explanations of cases to Watson. Medical diagnosis became based upon a principle of “differential” semiological examination of the patient’s body in the form of the medical case history.

✽epistemological 인식론적 ✽✽semiological 증후학적

(실전편)

실 t1-21. 다음 지문에 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 습관화로 인해 즐거움이 금방 사라지기 때문에 의식적인 변화를 주라는 것.

Psychologist and author Jeremy Dean explains in relation to cultivating happiness-boosting habits that ‘unfortunately there’s rather a large fly in the ointment. That fly is habituation’. Habituation means that we adapt to positive experiences more quickly than negative ones. This means that we lose the pleasure from good habits more quickly than the pain from bad ones. Dean suggests that one way that we can deal with our automatic adaptation to pleasure is by varying our habits rather than repeating them in exactly the same way over and over again. This could mean, for example, making a conscious effort to respond more consciously to the question ‘how are you?’ (rather than saying ‘Fine’ every time). Introducing              in some of our habits can be effective in reducing the effects of habituation. Although Dean explains that this idea stretches the formal definition of a habit which involves the same behaviour or thought in the same situation, for ‘happy’ habits we need an ‘automatic initiation of the behaviour, but then a continuously mindful way of carrying it out. A new type of hybrid habit: a mindful habit’.

① negative feedback ② instant intuition ③ helpful mind ④ formal agreement ⑤ conscious variations

t1-22. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 위는 전문가들의 조언에 의존하는 경우, 아래는 복지사의 경우.

In sharp contrast, social workers seek to establish not an expert-inferior relationship but rather a relationship between equals.

Social workers need to recognize that it is the client who owns the problem and therefore has the chief responsibility to resolve it. In this respect, social work differs markedly from most other professions. ①Most professionals, such as physicians and attorneys, advise clients about what they ought to do. ②Doctors, lawyers, and dentists are viewed as experts. ③Clients’ decision making in such situations is generally limited to the professional’s advice. ④The expertise of the social worker does not lie in knowing or recommending what is best for the client; it lies in assisting clients to define their problems, to identify and examine alternatives for resolving the problems, to maximize their capacities and opportunities to make decisions for themselves, and to implement the decisions they make. ⑤Many students, when they first enter social work or some other helping profession, mistakenly see their role as that of “savior” or “rescuer.”

t1-23. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 단기 기억과 장기 기억의 차이에 대해 설명하고 실험에서 단기기억은 발음의 유사성, 장기기억은 의미의 유상성에 의존한다고 설명

While memories in STM (short-term memory) are encoded acoustically, information held in LTM (long-term memory) seems to be different.

a) The lists contained some items that were acoustically similar (such as mad, man, cad, can) and others that were semantically similar (such as big, long, broad, high). When asked for immediate recall, participants’ errors were affected by the similar-sounding words, reflecting the use of an acoustic code in STM.

b) When recall was delayed for 20 minutes, however, more errors were made on list items with similar meanings. This latter finding can be explained by the use of a semantic code in LTM; items were confused when they had similar meanings, so were less likely to be recalled accurately.

c) Here, memories are encoded according to their meaning — that is, using a semantic code. Baddeley provided evidence for this in an experiment that required participants to learn lists of words and recall them.                                                              ✽acoustically 청각적으로

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t1-24. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 소비자들이 그냥 둘러보면서 무관심한 경우.

One key to the problem of the shopping information gap is to realize that we need a better way of presenting and organizing information. Such a method is to organize information into different levels, where different amounts of consumer demand for information are presented at each level. Any shopper, at any point in the shopping experience, has a certain level of interest in products. Sometimes this level of interest is intense, where the consumer just cannot get enough, and sometimes this level is one of               , where the consumer is just browsing. The best way to convey information to consumers is to look at them as shopping on a number of possible levels of interest and to direct information to them according to their level. If a consumer has a high level of interest then more information should be available to him. Conversely, if a consumer is indifferent to a product, then he should not be overwhelmed with information.

① indifference ② immersion ③ mediocrity ④ conservatism ⑤ integration

t1-24-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 if 지문으로 위아래가 대조를 이루는 문장.

If a consumer has a high level of interest then more information should be available to him.

One key to the problem of the shopping information gap is to realize that we need a better way of presenting and organizing information. ①Such a method is to organize information into different levels, where different amounts of consumer demand for information are presented at each level. ②Any shopper, at any point in the shopping experience, has a certain level of interest in products. ③Sometimes this level of interest is intense, where the consumer just cannot get enough, and sometimes this level is one of indifference, where the consumer is just browsing. ④The best way to convey information to consumers is to look at them as shopping on a number of possible levels of interest and to direct information to them according to their level. ⑤Conversely, if a consumer is indifferent to a product, then he should not be overwhelmed with information.

t1-29. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 서양철학에 근간을 둔 과학은 중간단계 즉 모호한 것에 대한 허용을 하지 않는다.

Modern science emerged out of traditions that are clearly Western. It seems that the process of sorting into either/or categories can be traced to ancient Greek thought. The process of organizing objects according to whether they have or do not have a particular property, with no            category, is sometimes called Aristotelian. This very formal approach to classifying, unlike the version of classifying we might use in everyday living, makes no allowance for fuzziness. It is important to recognize that thinking scientifically is not natural or automatic. Indeed learning to perceive the world in ways consistent with this dichotomous, observation-based perspective is something we must learn. For some of us, this may seem to be very natural. In actuality it is an extension of the cultural traditions within which we were raised. Classifying is an example of a very particular way of thinking that teachers must introduce to students to familiarize them with the culture of science.

✽fuzziness 불분명함, 모호함 ✽✽dichotomous 이분법의

① scientific ② intermediate ③ academical ④ consistent ⑤ objective

t1-30. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 b에서 this state 로 위 지문을 받아주고 c-a는 예시로써 연결이 된다.

Each of us views reality through the thoughts we have accumulated in our individual preserved state of awareness. When you encounter a new thought, you call upon this state to derive meaning, agree, disagree, judge, or remain neutral.

a) As this happens, consider for a moment where these thoughts came from and why you produced them at this particular moment. Consider their purpose. You did attract them and they do have a purpose. Their purpose is to reinforce your beliefs.

b) Every thought you encounter or conjure up you filter through this state. You can observe this scrutiny as you produce thoughts that stimulate your feelings. Pay attention the next time you disagree with somebody.

c) Notice how your mind instantly produces thoughts that validate your point of view. For example, as your friend defends a political candidate who you dislike, notice the rush of opposing thoughts that enter your mind.                   ✽conjure up ~을 떠올리다, ~을 상기하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t1-31. 다음 지문의 흐름 상 어울리지 않는 단어는?

5번 건축은 자신의 정체성이 불확실 하기 때문에 외부에서 정체성을 추구한다.

As an academic discipline, architecture is outside of the humanities — so in that sense there’s no question that it is not one of the humanities. Not institutionally at least, even if there is something of a family ①resemblance. Architecture students aren’t oriented to thinking, reading, and writing in quite the same way as are students within the humanities. What’s interesting about architecture is that it has always been ②unsure as to where to position itself and its own identity as a discipline: it is itself internally divided about whether it is a science, a technological discipline, or a mode of art or aesthetic production. This ③uncertainty regarding its own identity has led it to be quite open to philosophical and critical theory in a way that is ④unimaginable for other disciplines, like engineering or medicine, for example. What I can say positively as an outsider is that architecture is a discipline seeking self-definition, and for that self-definition it looks ⑤inside of itself, to see what others say about it.

1-32. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 2차 대전 당시 정부가 기업체에게 압박을 가하고 그 덕분에 내장 고기를 소세지 등의 filler로 사용하는 것이 수용됨.

Important work regarding preservatives indicated that making organ meats look familiar (through their cuts, shapes, and packaging) influenced perceptions of taste. This insight was found during research on what made preserved foods most acceptable.

a) The government pushed food companies to preserve foods to resemble fresh foods. Because they looked and tasted fresh, people believed they must be safe and that preservatives were not harmful.

b) At the beginning of World War II, there was a need for canned meats that tasted like fresh meat, for powdered milk that was reconstituted to taste like fresh whole milk, and for preserved bread that tasted like fresh bread.

c) Because of this work, initial efforts introduced some organ meats as filler in ground beef and sausages. In both ground meat and sausage forms, replacing existing meat with organ meats was accepted because they did not cause the meat to look different than expected.

✽reconstitute (물을 부어) 원상태로 만들다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t1-33. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 정의주의나 직관주의에 대한 이야기가 나오고 다시 사회영역 이론은 이런식의 이분법은 잘못되었다고 설명하며 오히려 그들은 도덕에 감정적 정보가 영향을 준다고 말함.

From the social domain perspective, this treatment of emotions and reasoning as distinct, opposing influences represents a false dichotomy.

Social domain theory views emotions and moral judgments as reciprocal processes that cannot be disentangled. ①This view differs from emotivist or intuitionist approaches to morality, which are principally based on research with adults and give priority to emotional and implicit processes while avoiding reasoning as largely post hoc rationalizations. ②Rather, the assumption is that affective experiences are an important component of moral judgment and that the latter involves a complex integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences. ③To borrow from Kant’s famous saying, moral reasoning without emotion is empty; emotions without reasoning are blind. ④Children’s affective experiences influence their understanding, encoding, and memory of moral violations and are part of a complex evaluative process. ⑤Information obtained from observing the affective consequences of acts for others, as well as past or immediate emotional responses to moral situations, may constitute the foundation on which moral understanding is constructed .

✽disentangle 떼다, (엉킨 것을) 풀다 ✽✽post hoc 사후(事後)의 ✽✽✽dichotomy 이분법

t1-37. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

1번 토지는 개인이 소유하지만 야생동물은 사회가 소유. 그 이유는 과거 식민지 시대 법 때문.

Wildlife, however, is not owned by individuals or landowners but by society.

Wildlife management in North America is complicated because most land is owned by individuals who can restrict public access or manage it as they see fit, so long as their actions do not adversely impact other people. ①This is the result of English common law, which stated that wildlife was owned by the crown. ②When English colonies were established in America, colonial governments administered on the crown’s behalf, and they owned the wildlife. ③When the colonies gained their independence following the American Revolution and became states, they continued to own wildlife but now on behalf of “the people” who had replaced the crown as the ultimate authority on which government was based. ④Consequently, in North America, we have this interesting phenomenon in which society owns and manages the wildlife, but private individuals own and manage the land and habitat on which wildlife depend. ⑤Clearly a partnership is required between landowners and government if the wildlife resource is going to be managed wisely.

t1-38. 다음 글의 흐름과 맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요.

3번 생산자 책임에 대한 글인데 3번 내용은 비용감소를 위해 회사가 행하는 조치에 대한 글.

The concept of ‘producer responsibility’ reflects a fundamental legal principle for the allocation of responsibilities: the person acting must ensure that each action is performed in a way that does not cause damage or nuisance to other legally protected interests. ①In relation to the manufacturing of goods, this concept requires operators to prevent pollution, hazards, the risk of damaging public health and damage to neighboring properties — or at least to minimize these negative externalities to a certain level defined by legislation and/or a specific permit. ②Hence, the preventative costs must be paid by the producer. It is generally accepted that these preventive responsibilities apply to manufacturing processes and include the waste generated by the manufacturing process. ③To reduce cost, a business can establish standards for the quality of the raw materials that it buys from suppliers, and runs a certification program to ensure that its standards are met. ④It seems also accepted that this principle of allocation of responsibilities also applies to manufactured goods. Products placed on the market must be safe and secure in general. ⑤For certain products, such as pesticides, genetically modified organisms and vehicles, the placing of these products on the market is subject to a prior licensing scheme.

t2-20. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

4번 자칭 자신이 SNS 전문가라는 사람들은 교육이 필요하니 그들을 의심하라.

Overconfidence about their social media skills prevents most social media managers from getting the necessary training. Every second of every day, nonprofits on various kinds of social media are making obvious mistakes that are counterproductive to their presence on these sites. Please get training! Take Webinars, attend boot camps, or go to conferences that focus on the howto of social media. The most valuable advice should be practical and should come from someone who actually manages online communities and works with these tools every single day. Be          of the self-proclaimed social media mavens, rock stars, or experts who have no practical experience running, maintaining, and building online communities around causes or nonprofit brands on social networking sites.

✽webinar 웨비나(인터넷상의 세미나) ✽✽maven 달인

① confident ② practical ③ respectful ④ skeptical ⑤ considerate

t2-22. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 연구에서 다양한 사람들을 고르는 것에 대한 이야기가 시작되고 예시에서 미국 언론사에 다양한 학위와 경력을 가진 사람들이 등장하는 내용이 이어집니다.

To attract the best people and succeed as a business, the authentic organization of the future will need to foster environments where creativity and innovation are at a premium, employees feel engaged and committed, and leadership pipelines are carefully cultivated for future success.

a) There was also an associate editor who had interned at the New Yorker magazine and another who had a background in foreign affairs. Only two of those editors held MBAs — and this was the business division!

b) Case in point: Back in the 1980s, the business division of a US publisher had one of the most widely diverse workforces. One senior editor had been part of a Washington think tank and was an expert on Asian culture; another held a PhD in American history; another had worked as a speechwriter for a US president and was an environmental activist.

c) In our research, workplaces with those qualities look for an unusual kind of diversity, hiring people for differences that are more than skin deep. Differences in thought processes, frames of references and skills, among other things.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t2-23. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 2중적인 쾌락을 대하는 인간의 태도.

The pursuit of flavor is one path to a good life, a truth recently discovered by Americans that demands a new account of the meaning of food and its consumption. Any discussion of food and its place in our lives must begin with the role of pleasure. Yet our attitude toward pleasure is           : “Love People, Not Pleasure,” blares the New York Times; “There Is More to Life Than Being Happy,” proclaims the Atlantic Monthly; “pursue pleasure only in moderation,” say countless sages throughout history; “it’s only transitory,” according to the timeless; “it is inimical to spirituality,” the bodiless would have us believe; “it will not lead to happiness,” the ubiquitous self-help books tell us. We spend much time and many resources pursuing pleasure but then condemn it with a fervor usually reserved for death and taxes.

✽blare 떠들어 대다 ✽✽inimical to ~에 해로운 ✽✽✽fervor 열정

① salient ② ambivalent ③ emotional ④ transparent ⑤ universal

t2-29. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 음식 미디어는 사람들을 부엌으로 향하게 하지만 비현실적이다. 하지만 요리사라는 보이지 않던 직업을 드러나게 해주었다. 그래서 감춰진 직업을 드러내었지만 현실보다는 판타지이다.

In some ways, food media takes readers and viewers into the back of the house where gourmet cooking takes place. This is not to say such depictions are accurate, entertaining as they might be.

a) As such, the media has made visible some of the hidden work that goes into producing our eating experiences but often in ways that are more fantasy than reality.

b) As Andrew Chan notes, contemporary shows “create a gap that separates the viewer from the reality of actual cookery.” In fact, Kathleen Collins explains that, “Television cooking shows, and the media in general, are largely responsible for glamorizing what will always be, in actuality, toiling, sweaty labor.”

c) She also concedes, however, that such media coverage — and the public’s seemingly insatiable appetite for programming related to food and eating — “has brought deserved attention to a previously uncelebrated class of laborers and artisans.”

✽toil 고생하다, 수고하다 ✽✽concede 인정하다 ✽✽✽insatiable 만족을 모르는

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t2-30. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 세포는 노화에 의해 복재 능력이 약화, 복사기와 동일. 처음에는 원본과 같지만 3번 이상하면 해상도 낮아짐. 세포도 마찬가지로 죽게됨.

DNA reproduces and replaces itself continually. Under optimal conditions, this reproduction is flawless and every copy is an exact replica of the one it replaces. This is normally true in children.

a) If the copy machine is in perfect condition, the first copy will hardly be distinguishable from the original. Gradually, though, even copies made on a good-quality machine will lose definition.

b) As we age, however, we are increasingly vulnerable to factors that damage our DNA during replication. The body’s process of DNA replication is similar to that of a copy machine making photocopies of an original, with each subsequent copy made from the previous photocopy.

c) A third-generation copy is slightly less sharp than the original, the fourth-generation copy even less so, and so forth. Eventually, the process breaks down; it is no longer possible to make a legible copy, and the message is lost. When this happens to DNA, the result is the death of a cell. ✽replica 복제품 ✽✽definition 선명도 ✽✽✽legible 읽을 수 있는

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t2-31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 감독은 영화의 내용보다는 영화라는 형식에 맞도록 제작해야 함. 그래서 내용에 자유를 가지도록 강요받음.

Sometimes, of course, we might have good reasons, conceptually and critically, to isolate the content of a film from its form. The subject of Kathryn Bigelow’s Zero Dark Thirty is the tracking and eventual killing of the terrorist Osama Bin Laden by United States CIA agents and U.S. Navy Seals. That content is historical fact. But limited access to some specific details, and the demands of cinematic storytelling, compelled the filmmakers to take             with the original content when giving the movie its ultimate form. Zero Dark Thirty invents and combines characters, rearranges and condenses action, and speculates on events. Many critiques of Zero Dark Thirty, noting the significance and sensitivity of the content, questioned the film’s completeness, accuracy, and reliability. Yet the movie could be considered a formal success; it received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture, Actress, Original Screenplay, Film Editing, and Sound Editing. By focusing solely on content , we may risk overlooking the aspects that make movies interesting as individual works of art.

① liberties ② responsibilities ③ pride

④ details ⑤ objectivity

t2-33. 다음 글의 흐름에 어울리지 않는 지문은?

2번 media 가 계속 변화하여 사회과학자들이 연구하기 어렵다는 글. 2번은 잘못사용된 미디어가 생활을 망친다는 글.

The transition to a network society has, by all accounts, turned research on youth and media on its head — leading to new opportunities and new challenges. Perhaps most obvious is the fact that our object of study has become a moving target. ①Many of the media and communication technologies that we investigate today are continually changing — often while we try to understand the phenomenon in question. ②When used inappropriately or without thought, media can displace many important activities such as face-to-face interaction, family-time, outdoor-play, and exercise. ③This is especially problematic for the social sciences, because social scientists often need sufficient time to answer questions with appropriate methodological rigor. ④To establish causal relationships between media use and longer-term outcomes, youth must be followed over several years, and their media use needs to be measured repeatedly. ⑤With the rapid and often short-lived developments in the media landscape, such research is far more complicated than it used to be.

t2-34. 다음 글의 흐름에 알맞지 않은 문장을 고르세요.

2번 침팬지나 원숭이들이 다른 이와의 관계를 이해하여 갈등상황을 해결한다는 글. 2번은 갈등에 개입이 도덕을 발생시킨 진화적 과정이라는 내용.

Some species have evolved not only a theory of mind but also, distinctly, a theory of relationships — which is evolutionarily advantageous, because recognizing relationships between other individuals helps predict their social behavior. The most basic type of such knowledge is when one animal knows the relative dominance rank of two other animals, not just its own rank with respect to the others. ①This important ability is widespread, seen in hyenas, lions, horses, dolphins, and, of course, primates, but also in fish and birds. ②Their impartial intervention in a conflict -- so-called "policing" -- can be regarded as an early evolutionary form of moral behavior. ③Capuchin monkeys in conflict preferentially seek out allies that they know to be higher ranked than their opponents, and they also seek out allies that they now have closer relationships with themselves than with their opponents. ④If two chimpanzees have a fight and a bystander offers consolation to the loser, this can reconcile the two combatants, but only if the bystander has a friendship with the aggressor. ⑤All three animals understand what it means for two of them to have a special bond.

✽consolation 위로, 위안 ✽✽reconcile 화해시키다

t2-35. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

5번 개인에게 의존하는 개인주의보다는 집단이나 가족에 의존하는 것이 생존에 더 유리.

Social systems exist to mitigate risk: that is why human beings live in communities in the first place. People living in groups can protect themselves better from enemies or predators, share resources, and help one another beyond the immediate kinship group. Through technology, trade, and political organization, organized communities under stress can access help that will offset the local impact of ecological problems and diffuse the impact over a much larger area or population. A society in which people consider themselves to be one big family is more likely to show resilience in a disaster or prolonged stress than one in which each individual models his or her behavior on              , all other things being equal. This is the fundamental idea behind insurance, extended family networks of assistance, and disaster assistance. Therefore this class of problem often depends importantly on the level of resilience a society demonstrates under stress.

✽mitigate 완화하다 ✽✽diffuse 분산하다 ✽✽✽resilience 회복력

① self-sufficient prophecy     ②  heroic self-sacrifice     ③ self-esteem behavior  ④ self-directed cooperation       ⑤ self-reliant individualism

t2-36. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 분산기억에 도움이 되는 것은 사람과 사물 둘 다 있지만 베그너는 특히 사람에게 관심. 그래서 집단속에서 기억이 향상됨을 발견.

Wegner was especially interested in the use of people as memory aids.

Daniel Merton Wegner was the first to analyze transactive memory, especially as it occurs in couples. He noted that people often supplement their own memories, which are limited and can be unreliable, with various external aids. ①These include objects (e.g., address or appointment books) and other people (e.g., friends or coworkers). ②He speculated that a transactive memory system may develop in many groups to ensure that important information is remembered. ③This system combines the knowledge possessed by individual group members with a shared awareness of who knows what. ④So when group members need information, but cannot remember it themselves or doubt that their memories are accurate, they can turn to each other for help. ⑤A transactive memory system can thus provide a group’s members with more and better information than any of them could remember alone.

t2-37. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

The manner in which people communicate has some obvious relationship to the way in which their society is organized and governed. In ancient oral societies, people were ruled by unpredictable gods who worked in mysterious ways. When human beings learned how to cast their messages and conversations into written language, they were able to begin to organize their lives in more rational systems.  They could record history and discover patterns in the weather, their food sources, and the ways of their enemies. They could take more control of their lives, solve some of nature’s mysteries, and become less dependent on the whims of their gods. This posed a severe challenge to those among them who were priests and holy men and women; obviously these leaders regarded writing as subversive, destructive, and sinful. It didn’t take them long to realize that if they could control                 , they could regain their power as emissaries of the gods.

① other religions ② the powerful ③ the laymen

④ the writing ⑤ the enemies

t2-37-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 구두로 대화할 때에는 신 중심이었지만 글이 등장하면서 기록이 가능해짐.

When human beings learned how to cast their messages and conversations into written language, they were able to begin to organize their lives in more rational systems.

The manner in which people communicate has some obvious relationship to the way in which their society is organized and governed. ①In ancient oral societies, people were ruled by unpredictable gods who worked in mysterious ways. ②They could record history and discover patterns in the weather, their food sources, and the ways of their enemies. ③They could take more control of their lives, solve some of nature’s mysteries, and become less dependent on the whims of their gods. ④This posed a severe challenge to those among them who were priests and holy men and women; obviously these leaders regarded writing as subversive, destructive, and sinful. ⑤ It didn’t take them long to realize that if they could control the writing, they could regain their power as emissaries of the gods.

t2-38. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 시상하부는 호르몬을 조절한다. 하지만 노화가 되면 기능이 쇠퇴. 그 예시가 췌장의 인슐린 과다분비. 허나 식사를 통해 조절가능.

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that receives messages from nerves about the internal condition of the body and the external environment.

a) Ideally, our hormones exist in a delicate balance and deliver their messages to the cells accurately and reliably. But hormone imbalances become increasingly common with advancing age. For example, cells may resist the signal of the hormone insulin, causing the pancreas to overwork, secreting ever more insulin.

b) An excess of insulin causes a series of effects on other hormones, and some become elevated while others become depressed. Many hormone imbalances can be corrected nutritionally if they are detected early enough, but some may require medication.

c) It responds to this information by sending signals to the appropriate glands to release hormones. Once hormones are released into the bloodstream they travel to particular target cells to deliver their chemical messages and cause a specific biological response.

✽gland 분비선, 분비샘 ✽✽pancreas 췌장 ✽✽✽secrete 분비하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t2-39. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 시각은 중요한 기능을 하고 Zeki와 칸트는 보는 것과 인식하는 것을 별개로 보았지만 현재 과학에서는 보는 것과 이해하는 것은 동시작용이고 뇌가 외부의 정보를 하나의 일관된 그림으로 표현한다는 것을 알게됨.

The primary perceptual faculty in human beings, as in all primates, is vision.

a) Until the 1970s, Zeki points out, neurological models of perception were heavily influenced by the mistaken philosophic view, probably traceable to Kant, that “sensing” reality and “understanding” (grasping) it are fundamentally disparate phenomena. Now, however, through sophisticated techniques for studying both normal subjects and patients who have suffered various impairments of brain function, we know that normal perception entails simultaneous “seeing” and “understanding.”

b) Specialized areas of the brain not only detect visible attributes such as color, form, and motion but also identify and integrate them into a unified, coherent “picture.”The integration of visual information that results constitutes both sensory perception and recognition of the visual world.

c) Much of the improved understanding of perceptual processes has therefore derived from the neurobiology of visual perception. As Semir Zeki, a principal researcher in the field, has observed, the study of vision is a “profoundly philosophical enterprise,” for it constitutes an inquiry into “how the brain acquires knowledge of the external world, which is no simple matter.”     ✽disparate 이질적인

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t3-22. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 고전은 학습 전통의 연속성에 있어서 매우 중요하다.

In the field of education, the sequence of human ages is reflected in the relationship between teacher and student. In past centuries, this relationship was a close and intimate bond of apprenticeship (paradigmatically captured in the Indian formula of guru-shishyaparampara) in which the teacher transmitted to the student not only information but also the continuity of a tradition of learning, the fruits of the slow labor of intellectual and moral seasoning (far removed from clever dexterity). A short label for these ripened fruits of learning is the “classics,” and in this sense, every major cultural tradition on earth can boast a storehouse of classical texts and insights. What needs to be remembered, however, is that classics is not simply a synonym for oldness or for wisdom construed in the past tense. Treated in this manner, the classics would be a pastime reserved only for teachers and older people, which would vitiate the need for                .✽dexterity 재능 ✽✽construe 이해하다 ✽✽✽vitiate 폄하하다

① bond between different classes

② increasing learning experience

③ continuity of transmission

④ consistency of teacher and student

⑤ effort for preserving old wisdom

t3-23. 다음 빈칸에 알맞은 표현은?

5번 우월성 (탁월함) 에 대한 강조는 경쟁경기의 의미를 퇴색시킨다.

Competitive activities can be more than just performance showcases where the best is recognized and the rest are overlooked. The provision of timely, constructive feedback to participants on performance is an asset that some competitions and contests offer. In a sense, all competitions give feedback. For many, this is restricted to information about whether the participant is an award- or prizewinner. The provision of that type of feedback can be interpreted as shifting the emphasis to demonstrating superior performance but not necessarily excellence. The best competitions promote excellence, not just winning or “beating” others. The emphasis on             is what we typically see as fostering a detrimental effect of competition. Performance feedback requires that the program go beyond the “win, place, or show” level of feedback. Information about performance can be very helpful, not only to the participant who does not win or place but also to those who do.

① concentration ② imagination ③ cooperation ④ toleration ⑤ superiority

t3-29. 다음 글의 흐름과 관계없는 문장을 고르세요.

4번 온라인 신문의 특성에 대한 글입니다. 4번 내용은 이미지 아이콘과 이미지 파일을 확인하는 방법에 대한 글입니다.

In graphic form and function, the newspaper is coming to resemble a computer screen, as the combination of text, images, and icons turns the newspaper page into a static snapshot of a World Wide Web page. In many newspapers the index now consists of summaries gathered in a column running down the left-hand side of the page, and a small picture is often included with the summary. ①Anyone familiar with multimedia presentations can easily read such a picture as an iconic button, which the user would press in order to receive the rest of the story. ②USA Today in fact makes considerable use of “hypertextual” links back and forth throughout its pages, and these links are sometimes cued by small graphics. ③The purpose of these icons together with the other pictures and graphics is not merely decorative. ④Most often, an image icon's data comes from an image file, and there are a number of valid ways that your image files may be configured on your file server ⑤Together they help to redefine the function of the newspaper, which is no longer only to transmit verbal information, but also to provide an appropriate visual experience and through that experience dictate an appropriate reaction to the stories being told. ✽static 정적인

t3-32. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 박테리아는 형태나 동작으로 분류할 수 없음. 현미경으로 보면 똑같음. 그래서 질병으로 분류하였음. 그 예시가 shigerra 인데 나중에 대장균의 일종으로 밝혀졌지만 여전히 이름을 변경하지 않음.

The apparent “mess” of the bacterial domain is understandable. From the examples of the macrobiological world, it is clear that lifestyle or morphology is only of limited use to establish relatedness, and many bacteria look more or less the same under a microscope.

a) This has led to some inaccurate classifications that we live with even today. For example, shigellosis is a type of severe diarrhea caused by Shigella species, for instance Shigella dysenteriae, which, by objective criteria, are just particular nasty brands of E. coli (the “E.” of E. coli stands for the genus Escherichia).

b) So how should we group bacteria, if not by their looks and behavior? In the old days, when research was dedicated to medical microbiology, distinctions were frequently made based on the diseases bacteria could cause.

c) There is no scientific reason to grant Shigella bacteria their own genus name, but taxonomists have not renamed Shigella bacteria to be incorporated into the Escherichia genus — yet. ✽morphology 형태 ✽✽diarrhea 설사 ✽✽✽genus 속

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t3-33. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 철학을 고대 그리스에 외모를 한 사람들이 하는 수준높은 것이라는 것은 고정관념이다. 철학은 누구나 할 수 있고 외부적인 지식도 필요가 없다. 그것이 다른 사회과학인 역사와 심리학과의 차이이다.

Many people, perhaps even you, associate philosophy with an image of bearded men in togas discussing deep thoughts.

a) You can’t study history just by reasoning or by thinking about ideas. Likewise, you can’t do psychology without having a certain scientific view toward human nature and observing actual patterns in human behavior (this is why psychology is, in fact, a relatively recently developed discipline).

b) There were such people in fact, and our Western intellectual heritage owes a lot to the ancient Greeks (which is why we  have this mental picture). But it wasn’t just the ancient Greeks who did philosophy. Philosophy is a basic human intellectual activity that has been pursued in every advanced culture since time immemorial.

c) Its universality and timeless appeal should tell you something about it right off the bat: the doing of philosophy does not depend on any particular body of outside knowledge. This distinguishes it from any of the other “social sciences.” For example, in history, it is absolutely necessary to know specific facts about events.                                  ✽toga 토가(고대 로마 시민의 겉옷)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t3-34. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 음악은 사회적인 관점에서 그 나라의 문화나 역사와 관계가 깊다. 하지만 현대는 사회와 문화가 교류를 많이 하기 때문에 그렇지 않다. 오직 개인만이 음악에 대한 권위를 가진다.

Musical judgments are never made in complete isolation. The formation of “taste cultures” has always been socially defined.

a) Not only are taste cultures themselves shifting, but people now tend to move between them with greater ease. These factors contribute to a sense of the relativity of any single position. Contemporary musical choices are plural as never before, and the effect of that plurality is inevitably to confirm that, in matters of musical judgment, the individual can be the only authority.

b) This may be less clear today, since contemporary society is characterized by the fragmentation of older taste cultures and the proliferation of new ones. In this context, cultural transactions take place with increasing rapidity — hence the heating up of the cultural economy and its rapid turnover of new products.

c) Participation in certain genres of music was historically determined by a person’s social position, not by a purely independent aesthetic choice. Indeed, from a sociological perspective, taste is always a social category rather than an aesthetic one; it refers to the way we use cultural judgments as social “currency,” to mark our social positions.                            ✽proliferation 확산

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t3-36. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 색의 대조나 선의 교차등의 개인 장식을 통해 사람들의 내면에 상태 (감정)를 상징적으로 나타냄.

Personal adornment may reflect inner emotional states called mood. It may also reinforce, disguise, or create mood. An individual caught up in a certain mood may wish to externalize it so it can be conveyed to and shared with others. Perhaps an individual feels light-hearted and energetic. In America, a culturally recognized way to create this effect is to choose costume with colors and linear arrangements that show contrast rather than sameness. Typically, color contrast can be attained by using a number of different colors together, by using bright colors that contrast with a somber background, and by using sharp differences in lightness and darkness of color. Linear contrast occurs if lines suddenly change direction or intersect when proceeding in different directions. The culturally encouraged interpretation is that the redirection of eye movements required by line contrasts is                                                . Thus, at least for Americans, contrasting line and color in costume can express exuberant mood to others and also reinforce the same mood in the wearer.

① symbolic of a dynamic inner state within the wearer

② cultural product of shared perception in a society

③ fashionable ornament effective for network building

④ optical trouble caused by color contrast to observers

⑤ expression of physical fitness in a racial group

t3-38. 다음 중 단어의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

5번 infancy 으로 써야함. 법이 제정될 당시에는 과학 기술등은 아직 유아단계였음.

The most striking characteristic of state public health law — and the one that underlies many of its defects — is its overall ①antiquity. Certainly, some statutes are relatively recent in origin. However, much of public health law was framed in the late nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth centuries and contains elements that are 40 to 100 years old. Old public health statutes are often outmoded in ways that directly ②reduce their effectiveness and conformity with modern standards. These laws often do not reflect ③contemporary scientific understandings of injury and disease (e.g., surveillance, prevention, and response) or legal norms for protection of individual rights. Rather, public health laws use scientific and legal standards that prevailed when they were enacted. Society faces different sorts of risks today and ④deploys different methods of assessment and intervention. When many of these statutes were written, public health (e.g., epidemiology and biostatistics) and behavioral (e.g., client-centered counseling) sciences were in their ⑤maturity. Modern prevention and treatment methods did not exist.

✽antiquity 아주 오래됨 ✽✽statute 법규 ✽✽✽epidemiology 역학(疫學)

t4-22. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 위에는 에디슨의 이야기 그러나 아래는 푸치니의 이야기. 푸치니는 자신은 신의 도구일 뿐이라 하였음.

Wherever we find creativity, we almost always find it was the result of a person who willingly went to work on a real problem. Thomas Edison once remarked that “Everything comes to him who hustles.” Work. Don’t worry. That was Edison’s advice.

a) Obviously, he and others feel as though they are merely the instrument through which creative energies are flowing. While it might have felt this way to Puccini, it is also evident that Puccini underestimated his own abilities.

b) And he proved its usefulness by his own example. But despite Edison’s experience and that of countless others who continue to make breakthroughs, there remains considerable mystery about how creative ideas actually come to people.

c) When we read the words of people like Giacomo Puccini, that great operatic composer, who once remarked, “The music of this opera Madame Butterfly was dictated to me by God; I was merely instrumental in putting it on paper and communicating it to the public,” what are we to think?

✽hustle 힘차게 해내다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t4-23. 다음 글의 흐름에서 단어의 쓰임이 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

2번 유기농 시장이 기존의 관습적 농산물 시장에 들어가게 되면 겪게 되는 어려움에 대한 글. 그래서 친환경 생산이 덜 매력적으로 만들어짐. unattractive

Placing organic products into the global market has a number of implications. Global markets are characterized by the strong role played by corporations in transport, handling, distribution, marketing and sales. Entering into the same markets as ①conventional agricultural products is likely to result in organic produce being subject to the same economic conditions that have shaped conventional agriculture and made sustainable practices ②attractive. Organic producers competing in existing global markets will face economic incentives likely to erode the principles of organic farming. An emerging issue of potentially great concern is challenges brought against nations whose trading preferences run ③counter to such groups as the World Trade Organization. Entry into global markets may offer grounds on which to challenge national subsidies for ④conventional agriculture, but retaliatory challenges against organic farming are likely. A further concern is that global markets are uncertain and often volatile, which has the effect of ⑤reducing the security of farming enterprises and can be added to the economic incentives for larger scale enterprises. ✽retaliatory 보복성(의) ✽✽volatile 불안정한

t4-24. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

5번 이성적인 판단을 하지 않고 순간적인 판단을 함으로써 조상들은 생존을 하였다.

Speaking of the place of rational thinking in the life of primitive humanity, rationality itself meant more than mechanical, conscious figuring; it also expressed itself in different ways. Conscious, rational thinking can be an exceptionally sluggish and dangerous process in emergency situations, where split-second decisions often make the difference between survival and annihilation. It is for this reason that the capacity for rapid and dramatic decision-making had to evolve, which, oddly enough, was accomplished through                       . It’s not clear, however, whether the capacity for instant but unconscious thinking and split-second decision-making (e.g., quickly running from a predator or thoughtlessly striking a debilitating or lethal blow to an enemy) is a new human response mechanism, an old instinct that has been carried over from humanity’s animal ancestry, or a creative combination of the two. Whatever it is, it certainly realizes an important goal of rational figuring, to the extent that it is typically an orderly response that increases the chances for survival. ✽sluggish 느린 ✽✽annihilation 절멸, 소멸 ✽✽✽debilitating 쇠약하게 하는

① learning new and trendy skills fit in their time

② spreading their gene to the offspring by meeting other tribes

③ realizing imaginative , unstable faculty into stable practice

④ not sticking to their emotional, intuitive judgements

⑤ bypassing conscious, rational thinking altogether

t4-29. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 예술가는 자신의 감정을 매체로 표현하는데 한계가 있다. 이러한 한계를 인식하고 매체를 어떻게 변화시킬지 생각해야 한다.

There are feelings that can or cannot be translated effectively into a particular medium.

The artist is often unable to tell beforehand how his painting is going to turn out, because it develops as he paints it. Even with a particular compositional or subject matter in mind the design of a painting changes as one form is added to complement another and as these forms create new and unanticipated relationships when seen in a whole composition. ①A painting grows like a living organism in the artist’s mind and feelings as he interacts with his work at different stages in its development.② The artist realizes what the layman has experienced but cannot express. ③The artist frees original fantasies, aims, desires, and emotions, and expresses them through his medium. ④But the medium has limitations of its own. ⑤In considering these limitations, the artist must realize how he changes the material and also in what ways the material changes his expression and his conceptions.

✽layman 문외한, 아마추어

t4-30. 다음 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것을 고르세요.

5번 taking 이 아니라 동사인 takes 를 써야함.

Policies aimed at providing mobility for low-income carless people might effectively be focused on the census tracts that have the largest percentages of households with these characteristics. You can see that such policies would be far easier ①to implement in the city, where target tracts are clustered together, than in the suburbs, ②where they are widely dispersed. Even when an area-targeted policy can be implemented, it provides services to many households who live in the targeted tracts but ③do have a car or are not in poverty, and it would miss the many carless households ④that do not live in the target census tracts. Also, there are numerous individuals (rather than households) who are carless for much of the day — people, for example, who remain at home while someone else ⑤taking the household’s one car to work. The census tract maps are little help in locating these people.

✽census tract 인구 조사 표준 지역

t4-31. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 우주에 지구같은 행성이 없음. 계속 신호를 보내도 답이 없고 행성간에 이동하려면 그건 생명체가 아니라 로봇. 왜냐하면 거리가 광년이기 때문에.

Many have claimed that, with billions of likely Earth-like planets, civilizations like ours must be common in our galaxy.

a) More fundamentally, complex biological beings did not evolve to traverse the vastness of interstellar space; if interstellar travelers exist they’ll be robots capable of “sleeping” over many thousands of years.

b) However, the more we learn, the more unlikely that appears. SETI — the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence program — has been scanning the firmament for radio signals over more than forty years, and they have failed to intercept a single coherent message.

c) Remember that stars are separated in distances measured by “light years” and, with light speed at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) in a single second, interstellar travel by living things remains a fantasy. Setting astrobiology (“the science without a subject”) aside we’ll confine ourselves to the planet on which we live.             ✽firmament 창공, 하늘 ✽✽traverse 통과하다, 횡단하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t4-32. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 인간의 자신의 행동에 대한 하나의 이유를 이야기하지만 이런 식의 과학적 방식은 인간의 의식에 적용하는데 문제가 있다고 경제학자는 이야기함. 그래서 그 아래 글에서는 문제점인 인간은 세상을 다양하게 해석하여서 행동한다는 것을 설명함.

Economist Frank Knight addresses the problem of reasons for scientific accounts of choice as part of the more general problem of the place of human consciousness in scientific explanation.

When someone gives a reason for his action, he makes reference to an end (or goal), plus a belief that the action will somehow advance the end. ①The very invocation of a reason for action suggests that the person himself is a cause, directing himself toward an end. ②The challenge of human consciousness arises from the fact that humans react to their interpretation of reality, not to reality directl. ③Humans assign variable meanings to what they perceive, dependent on perception, belief, emotion, and long-term goals. ④Knight notes that human consciousness does not fit neatly into the natural science paradigm: “Science can find no place for it [consciousness], and no role for it to perform in the causal sequence. It is epiphenomenal.”⑤The nature of social science, and its relationship to natural science, depends crucially on whether or not we take seriously the reasons that people give as causes of their actions.

✽invocation 들먹임, 언급 ✽✽epiphenomenal 우발적인

t4-36. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 부분을 고르세요.

2번 they 가 아니라 which를 사용해야 함. 종속절임.

Increased daytime temperature of both pavement and near-surface air, reduced nighttime cooling, and ①associated higher air pollution levels can affect human health by contributing to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps and exhaustion, nonfatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality. Heat islands can also exacerbate the impact of heat waves, ②they are periods of abnormally hot, and often humid, weather. Sensitive populations, such as children, older adults, and those with existing health conditions, ③are at particular risk from these events. Excessive heat events, or abrupt and dramatic temperature increases, ④are particularly dangerous and contribute to premature deaths, potentially resulting in above-average rates of mortality. The heat-related mortality may tend to increase under the future potential climate change, under ⑤which more extreme surface weather conditions and heat events will probably be showing up. ✽exacerbate 악화시키다

t4-37. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 수학이 추상적으로 세상의 작용원리를 공식화하는 근거 가정은 이 세상이 예측 가능하고 질서정연한 장소라는 것이다.

It is important to recognize the nature of mathematics and the very radical abstraction that it involves. Galileo, Descartes, Huygens and Newton all produced formulae. In other words, they were seeking to create a mathematical and abstract way of summing up physical phenomena, using mathematics to express patterns seen in nature. That it should be possible for an abstract formula to correspond to nature was a fundamental assumption made by those involved in the emerging sciences. Beneath it lay the deeper assumption that the world is                     . Escaping from the earlier era of crude superstition and magic, they saw themselves emerging into a world where reason and evidence would triumph. But reason, in its purest form, is seen in logic and mathematics, and it was therefore natural to expect that the world would be, in principle, comprehensible in terms of ‘laws of nature’ which, with mathematical precision, would determine the movement of all things.

① an arbitrary and imprecise area

② a radical and unstable composition

③ a predictable and ordered place

④ an emotional and intutive nature

⑤ a kinetic and unfixed movement

t4-38. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 일반적인 gooming 행동과는 차이가 있다 하지만 가끔은 그 둘이 구별되지 않기도 한다.

But on other occasions the behavior is not distinguishable from normal grooming activity.

An interesting observation that is pertinent to the idea of an instinctive urge is displacement activity. Displacement activity occurs when two incompatible response tendencies are simultaneously aroused. ①For example, a bird might be faced with a rival that elicits both attack and flight. ②In this situation, behaviors are displayed that appear to be irrelevant to the situation, such as grooming. ③At times the activity differs from normal grooming behavior in that it seems hurried and is discontinued before it is completed. ④Certain species of fish, such as the stickleback, also exhibit such out-of-context displacement activity. ⑤When at the boundary between its own territory and that of another stickleback, where both attack and escape behaviors are elicited, inappropriate nest-building behavior is often displayed.

✽pertinent 관련 있는 ✽✽stickleback 큰가시고기

t4-39. 다음 지문의 단어 중 적합하지 않은 것을 고르세요.

5번 공격의 정의가 컴퓨터가 아닌 외부에서 사용될 때 문제가 생김

As the number of information security incidents rose, a community of security practitioners and academics attempted to categorize the types of ①threats. While the U.S. military had considerable experience in how it identified, classified, protected, transmitted, processed, and destroyed information, outside of government such knowledge was ②scarcer. Study of security produced a characterization of three categories in which information or information systems could be ③compromised: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Into these categories, supplemented by a few others that often are subject to debate, almost any security can be placed. In computer and information security, any “single unauthorized access attempt, or unauthorized use attempt, regardless of ④success” carries the label of “attack,” a word with many applications in the English language, from verbal dispute to acts of war. This is an incredibly problematic term especially when it is employed ⑤inside the computer and information security community. We all know a military attack or a terrorist attack is an event that carries with it the likely loss of life and destruction of property, but what the policy crowd didn’t have a firm grasp upon was what sort of damage a cyber attack could do.

t4-39-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 보안에 대한 이야기. 미군에서는 3가지로 분류하고 보안 문제는 이 3가지 종류에 모두 포함된다. 컴퓨터의 경우 공격의 정의는 외부 정치인들이 생각하는 전쟁과는 다르기 때문에 그대로 정의를 정치인들이 사용하면 안됨.

As the number of information security incidents rose, a community of security practitioners and academics attempted to categorize the types of threats.

a) Into these categories, supplemented by a few others that often are subject to debate, almost any security can be placed. In computer and information security, any “single unauthorized access attempt, or unauthorized use attempt, regardless of success” carries the label of “attack,” a word with many applications in the English language, from verbal dispute to acts of war.

b) This is an incredibly problematic term especially when it is employed outside the computer and information security community. We all know a military attack or a terrorist attack is an event that carries with it the likely loss of life and destruction of property, but what the policy crowd didn’t have a firm grasp upon was what sort of damage a cyber attack could do.

c) While the U.S. military had considerable experience in how it identified, classified, protected, transmitted, processed, and destroyed information, outside of government such knowledge was scarcer. Study of security produced a characterization of three categories in which information or information systems could be compromised: confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t4-40. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 인간은 도파인의 작용으로 선호보다는 갈망을 경험하게 되고 그것이 중독으로 이어진다. 그래서 음식회사들은 전문가를 고용해서 사람들이 건강을 해치지 않으려는 이성적 행동을 피해가도록(즉 사람들이 중독되어 달고 짜고 지방기 있는 음식을 먹도록) 상품을 계발하려고 한다.

Researchers have now integrated findings that used methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies of dopamine’s role in human drug addiction and longitudinal observations of the eating behaviors of overweight and obese individuals to show that increased body weight can increase behaviors that are common markers of addiction. Dopamine rewards the brain, thus signaling people to continue the behaviors that release it. One characteristic of addiction is that it is experienced as wanting, not simply liking, the addictive substance. A biopsychological research group in the United Kingdom has developed experimental methods to distinguish between explicit liking and implicit wanting. Their studies found that individuals with a tendency towards binge eating reported “liking” most food types, but “wanting” high-fat sweet foods. By hiring food and flavor chemists to design products that elicit this primal “wanting,” food companies can                                  .

✽positron emission tomography (PET) 양전자 방출 단층 촬영  ✽✽binge eating 폭식

① promote new products with new kinds of media

② decrease behaviors that are common markers of addiction

③ reduce the ingredient such as fat, sugar and salt to keep people healthy

④ signal people to continue the behaviors that restrain dopamine

⑤ bypass the rational processes that protect people from harming themselves

t5-20. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 수집평가는 사서들이 좋아하지 않는 작업이어서 공간이 필요할 때 주로 하지만 공간이 주된 이유는 아니다.

Because it is a task many librarians don’t enjoy, weeding is often put off until space is needed.

Collection reevaluation, most commonly known as weeding, is the process of removing books and other materials from the library collection when they are no longer useful. ①It is an essential part of collection development. ②A good weeding policy and procedure is as important as good selection procedures in building and maintaining an attractive and useful collection. ③However, overcrowded shelves should not be the first or only motivation for weeding. ④Instead, it should be motivated by a desire to maintain an up-to-date, inviting, and useful collection. ⑤Just as weeds can overtake a garden and hide the beauty of flowers, materials left in the library collection which are no longer useful can make it more difficult to find the ones which are.   ✽weeding 장서 제적(도서관 자료 폐기)

t5-21. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 인간은 미래에 있을 파괴적인 결과를 감당할 능력이 안되기 때문에 지금 당장 조심해야 한다. 그래서 즉각적이고 친근한 요소들이 미래의 위험속에 포함되어 있는 것이다.

Ideas about uncertainty are governed by the way society perceives the relationship between the present and the future. When, as today, the future is regarded as a dangerous territory, uncertainty is framed in a negative light. In such a setting, change itself is perceived as threatening. A potent undercurrent of apprehension towards change — whether technological, social or political — permeates the day-to-day affairs of the contemporary Western world. Uncertainty was at times regarded as an opportunity — that it now tends to be cast in a negative light is symptomatic of a mood of fatalism towards the challenges faced by society. This fatalistic attitude is summed up by the often-repeated catch-phrase — ‘The question is “not if, but when?”’ Warnings of catastrophic climate events, deadly flu epidemics or mass casualty terrorism usually conclude with this defeatist refrain, which implicitly and sometimes explicitly calls into question humanity’s capacity to avoid the destructive consequences of the threats it faces. In this way, the dangers of the future                    . They demand that we ring the alarm bells while implying that there is very little that can be done to avoid the dangers that lie ahead.

✽undercurrent (부정적인 감정의) 암류(暗流) ✽✽apprehension 불안 ✽✽✽permeate 스며들다

① acquire an immediate and intimate quality

② are perceived as threatening and blocks more changes

③ are not regarded as an opportunity for human

④ improve humanity’s capacity to avoid the destructive consequences

⑤ deny the relationship between the present and the future

t5-23. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

1번 위기의 순간에 언론이 지속적으로 작동해야하는 것은 우리가 함께라는 결속력을 다지기 위해서이다.

In times of crisis, the media react to society’s need for surveillance and information by devoting massive time and energy to coverage of the crisis. All too often, though, it is difficult to gather information. Yet, it would be dysfunctional for media coverage to cease until information can be collected and verified. In order to reduce tension in society, media devote a good deal of coverage to media content intended to comfort their audience.             is functional for society in times of crisis. The media highlight the wisdom of leaders and the bravery of rescue workers or soldiers to reassure society that “we are all in this together” and that everything possible is being done for survival. So, although the media may be unable to fulfill surveillance and correlation needs, they are able to offer assurance and tension reduction.

✽surveillance 감시 ✽✽dysfunctional 제 기능을 하지 않는

① Solidarity building       ② Freedom of speech

③ International trade     ④ Impartial treatment

⑤ Positive perception

t5-24. 다음 지문에서 어울리지 않는 단어를 고르세요.

5번 인간의 감정을 표현하는 데 있어 사람의 얼굴표정과 신체움직임을 통합하는 데 우뇌가 중대한 역할을 한다.

Affect can be expressed through facial expressions and through modulations in the tone and prosody of the voice. These nonverbal aspects of language communication, in both their expression and perception, appear to be ①mediated predominantly by the right hemisphere. The body’s posture and movement can also blend with the voice and facial expression in sending affective signals that are ②readily perceived by other people. What is striking is the finding that the input from the body — ③including signals from the muscles, bones, and viscera (such as the heart and the intestines) — is more highly integrated in the right hemisphere than in the left. In other words, the whole body is represented in an ④integrated way in the right hemisphere. Even the regulation of the body’s autonomic nervous system is primarily mediated by right-brain mechanisms. The right hemisphere therefore appears to play a ⑤trivial role in mediating regulatory emotional processes, as well as in permitting the expression of emotional states and the conscious awareness of emotional experience.

✽affect 정서, 감정 ✽✽prosody 운율(학) ✽✽✽viscera 내장(內臟)

t5-29. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

3번 외형은 실제가 아니라는 글. 그래서 건전한 의심이 필요하다는 것.

At the root of the task of epistemology is the challenge posed by the simple fact that appearances                              . They can be deceiving. Sometimes what seems simple is deceptively complex, and sometimes what appears complicated admits of a simple explanation. The fact that we can be deceived or deluded complicates the epistemic task of finding the truth. Sherlock Holmes seemed to have an acute recognition of this insight, perhaps accounting for what can be called his aversion to the obvious. Rarely was he content with what may have seemed clear-cut and obvious to others. He was interested in what accounted for all the facts, not just those most at the surface.  An obvious explanation in “The Beryl Coronet” case was that the son was the guilty perpetrator, appearing to have been caught red-handed. Holmes, searching for an explanation for all the observations he had made and facts in need of an account, remained skeptical. Healthy skepticism about appearances tends to be a salient feature of any credible epistemologist.

✽epistemology 인식론 ✽✽perpetrator 범인

① wouldn't take you anywhere without certainty

② are more clear-cut and obvious to others than the speaker

③ don’t always correspond with reality

④ need to be decorated in the genre of novel

⑤ can give readers healthy skepticism than verbal description

t5-29-2. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것은?

5번 이 자리에는 동사가 오면 안됨 appearing 이 필요. appear 은 자동사여서 pp가 없어.

At the root of the task of epistemology is the challenge posed by the simple fact that appearances don’t always correspond with reality. They can be ①deceiving. Sometimes what seems simple is deceptively complex, and sometimes ②what appears complicated admits of a simple explanation. The fact that we can be deceived or deluded complicates the epistemic task of finding the truth. Sherlock Holmes seemed to have an acute recognition of this insight, perhaps ③accounting for what can be called his aversion to the obvious. Rarely was he content with what may have seemed clear-cut and obvious to others. He was interested in ④what accounted for all the facts, not just those most at the surface.  An obvious explanation in “The Beryl Coronet” case was that the son was the guilty perpetrator, ⑤appeared to have been caught red-handed. Holmes, searching for an explanation for all the observations he had made and facts in need of an account, remained skeptical. Healthy skepticism about appearances tends to be a salient feature of any credible epistemologist.

✽epistemology 인식론 ✽✽perpetrator 범인

t5-29-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 외형과 현실은 다르다. 셜록 홈즈가 처음 등장하고 그 다음에 그가 맡은 사건에 대한 이야기가 나온다. 마지막에서 그는 그가 관찰했던 것들을 의심하였다고 한다. 건강한 의심의 중요성을 마지막으로 이야기한다.

At the root of the task of epistemology is the challenge posed by the simple fact that appearances don’t always correspond with reality. They can be deceiving. Sometimes what seems simple is deceptively complex, and sometimes what appears complicated admits of a simple explanation.

a) Rarely was he content with what may have seemed clear-cut and obvious to others. He was interested in what accounted for all the facts, not just those most at the surface. An obvious explanation in “The Beryl Coronet” case was that the son was the guilty perpetrator, appearing to have been caught red-handed.

b) Holmes, searching for an explanation for all the observations he had made and facts in need of an account, remained skeptical. Healthy skepticism about appearances tends to be a salient feature of any credible epistemologist.

c) The fact that we can be deceived or deluded complicates the epistemic task of finding the truth. Sherlock Holmes seemed to have an acute recognition of this insight, perhaps accounting for what can be called his aversion to the obvious.     ✽epistemology 인식론 ✽✽perpetrator 범인

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t5-30. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

4번 자신의 특정한 삶의 면만을 SNS에 드러낸다. 즉 십대가 선택한 것만 드러낸다고 아래 나와있음.

For some teens, screen use has contributed to an underdeveloped identity. They may be devoting so much time to gaming and staying connected with “friends” that they don’t have time or desire to broaden their interests or learn new skills, which would grow and solidify their identity. Also, because technology makes many things easier, they may be lacking the perseverance, diligence, and teachability that are often essential for adding to their skill sets and character development. Posting on social networks can limit identity development because the tendency is for posts to                 . That means friends and family can only provide comments or ask questions about those elements — the ones the teens choose to show. For example, they may post often about their musical interests and never reveal that they volunteer at an animal shelter. As time goes by and no friends acknowledge or support the teen’s interest in animal rescue, the teen may begin to devalue that interest and let it wane.          ✽wane 시들해지다

① satisfy others’ interest to make oneself a new image

② deliberately choose the best picture to show to the public

③ ask questions about their appearance and facial expression

④ acknowledge only certain aspects of their lives

⑤ show off their volunteering activities to others who they don’t know

t5-33. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 영장류가 텃새가 있다 하지만 지금은 그렇게 부르지 않음. 그들은 서로 갈등을 원하지 않지만 간혹 같은 영토에 있음. 그것이 갈등이 되지만 그 갈등이 부상이나 죽음을 초래할 정도는 아님.

Most early primate studies assumed that primates were highly territorial and that groups would fight to defend their territories. We now know that most primates are not what we would call “territorial,” because areas they use overlap with areas that other groups of the same species use.

a) This is not to say that if one spends enough time watching primates she won’t see two groups coming together over a contested area and putting on a big show for each other — lots of hooting and hollering and maybe even some fighting.

b) But there are conflicts over space, and in most cases groups of the same species tend to avoid being in the same place at the same time (though not always). Researchers have argued that this is a way to minimize the risk of conflict and violence between groups.

c) These conflicts can result in serious injury or death but rarely do. Just as within groups, between-group conflicts are often resolved via negotiations or avoidance. Or just running away. Severe violence and aggression between groups is rare and seldom results in death.

✽hoot (동물이) 울부짖다 ✽✽holler 큰 소리를 지르다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t5-34. 다음 지문에 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 생의학은 병에 의해 치료제가 정해지기 때문에 일관성이 있어야 하지만 질병의 세계에는 계속되는 변화가 있음.

Of all approaches to health, the biomedical is unquestionably the most influential. This model understands health primarily through the lens of disease, and it attributes the cause of ill health to some breakdown in normal biological and physiological functioning. In so doing, it gives a clear direction in how best to manage health — and this is to focus on repairing or treating the source of breakdown in the body. There are obvious merits to understanding these physiological influences, not least to treat infectious diseases, which were the main cause of ill health and death until early in the 20th century. However, as Engel recognised, ill health is not reducible to disease processes alone, and if it were, then there should be much greater                in how people experience and respond to disease and its treatment than is actually observed. It is also the case that the health landscape has changed dramatically to one in which chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, depression, arthritis) have become the prevailing cause of ill health. For these conditions, there is generally no simple biomedical fix that can be administered to restore health.  ✽arthritis 관절염

① resistance     ② diversity      ③ consistency

④ ambiguity      ⑤ subjectivity

t5-37. 다음 지문에 알맞지 않은 어법은?

4번 what 을 사용해야 함. 양쪽이 다 불완전한 지문

How the bandwagon effect occurs is demonstrated by the history of measurements of the speed of light. Because this speed is the basis of the theory of relativity, it’s one of the most frequently and carefully ①measured quantities in science. As far as we know, the speed hasn’t changed over time. However, from 1870 to 1900, all the experiments found speeds ②that were too high. Then, from 1900 to 1950, the opposite happened — all the experiments found speeds that were too low!  This kind of error, ③where results are always on one side of the real value, is called “bias.” It probably happened because over time, experimenters subconsciously adjusted their results to match ④that they expected to find. If a result fit what they expected, they kept it. If a result didn’t fit, they threw it out. They weren’t being intentionally dishonest, just ⑤influenced by the conventional wisdom. The pattern only changed when someone had the courage to report what was actually measured instead of what was expected.    ✽bandwagon effect 편승 효과

t5-39. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 언어 정보가 주어졌을 때 (2개의 마우스) 시각 정보를 처리하는 사람은 자신이 친숙한 마우스에 친근함을 가지고 친근하지 않은 마우스의 사진을 보고 난 뒤에는 그 마우스에 대한 선호가 증가한다. 반면에 언어로 정보를 처리하는 사람은 이미지와 관계없이 동일하게 언어정보를 처리한다.

In one experiment, participants received verbal information about a product that they believed to be either familiar (a standard computer mouse) or unfamiliar (a trackball mouse).

a) Consequently, visualizers evaluated the unfamiliar product less favorably than the familiar one. However, presenting a picture of the unfamiliar product increased visualizers’ evaluation of it to a level similar to that of the familiar one.

b) In contrast, individuals with a disposition to process information verbally (verbalizers) based their evaluations on the semantic implications of the product-attribute descriptions, which were the same regardless of the product’s ostensible familiarity. Therefore, they evaluated the familiar and unfamiliar products similarly even in the absence of a picture.

c) Individuals with a disposition to process information visually (visualizers) presumably had a previously formed mental image of the familiar product that they could use in organizing the verbal attribute descriptions. When the mouse was unfamiliar and a picture of it was unavailable, this was not the case, and a visual image of the product was difficult to construct on the basis of the attributes alone.

✽semantic 의미상의 ✽✽ostensible 외양상의

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

t5-40. 글의 흐름과 맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 상대에 동조하여서 집단과 협력하지만 그것이 최적이 아닐 때가 있다. 그것을 따라하게 되면 자신도 불이익을 겪게 됨. 그래서 optimal(최적) 이라고 써야함.

Richerson and Boyd argue that people could learn cooperative behavior through “conformist transmission,” which means copying whatever behaviors are most common within a population. ①Copying common behaviors is normally an adaptive way of learning how to do things because others may have already figured out the best way of doing things. However, it can also cause people to make systematic errors when they also copy behaviors that turn out to not be ②negative. Given that humans rely so much on socially learned behaviors, this bias toward conformist transmission is probably adaptive on average, even if it occasionally causes us to learn maladaptive behaviors. Thus, it is ③possible that our tendency to copy prosocial behavior could be a maladaptive byproduct of our adaptive tendency to copy common behaviors. Herbert Simon has made a ④similar argument about our disposition to learn from others, which he calls “docility.” This is a highly advantageous trait, yet it allows other people to occasionally ⑤manipulate us into learning altruistic behaviors which do not benefit us.

✽docility 순치성(사회에서 전달되는 지식과 충고에 의존하는 경향성)