2-1. 다음 글의 흐름상 알맞지 않은 단어는?

4번 fail 로 고쳐야함.

The understanding problem is simply that humans are not really set up to hear logic. People, however, like to hear stories. The reason that people like to hear stories, however, is not ①transparent to them. People need a context to help them relate what they have heard to what they already know. We understand events in terms of other events we have already ②understood. When a decision-making heuristic, or rule of thumb, is presented to us without a context, we cannot decide the ③validity of the rule we have heard, nor do we know where to store this rule in our memories. Thus, the rule we are given is both difficult to evaluate and difficult to remember, making it virtually useless. People who ④attempt to couch what they have to say in memorable stories will have their rules fall on deaf ears despite their best intentions, and despite the best intentions of their listeners. A good teacher is not one who explains things correctly, but one who couches his explanations in a ⑤memorable (i.e., an interesting) format.

✽heuristic 발견적 방법 ✽✽couch 표현하다

2-2. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문을 고르세요.

4번 사이버 공간의 익명성 유지 필요성과 관계없음.

Directness and honesty are qualities that our society values highly. ①We expect people to be who they say they are and tell us the truth about themselves. ②Before the advent of computers, anyone who used an assumed name was thought to be hiding something disreputable. Inexperienced computer users may continue to feel this way about online contacts. ③Because so many of the cues that we use to evaluate people are missing in cyberspace, computer users need to understand that virtual meeting places are different from face-toface contacts. ④Trust is the essential component of social life enabling successful cooperation and fostering well-being.  ⑤Until we have good reason to know and trust the people behind the instant message pop-up or the chat room screen, we should remain anonymous and it is not dishonest to do so.

2-3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 진보는 요소를 나누어서 보아야 하는데 사람들은 나눌 수 없는 듯 생각

To appreciate the long-term benefits of industrialization one does not have to accept its cruelties. One can imagine an alternative history of the Industrial Revolution in which modern sensibilities applied earlier and the factories operated without children and with better working conditions for the adults. Today there are doubtless factories in the developing world that could offer as many jobs and still turn a profit while treating their workers more humanely. Pressure from trade negotiators and consumer protests has measurably improved working conditions in many places, and it is a natural progression as countries get richer and more integrated into the global community. Progress consists not in accepting every change as part of an            package — as if we had to make a yes-or-no decision on whether the Industrial Revolution, or globalization, is a good thing or bad thing, exactly as each has unfolded in every detail. Progress consists of unbundling the features of a social process as much as we can to maximize the human benefits while minimizing the harms.

① indivisible ② separable ③ disreputable ④ transparent ⑤ oblivious

2-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

5번 요약문은 마치 이전에 없었던 것처럼 이전글과 독립적이어야 한다.

As for the advice to say what you said, the key is the expression “in other words.” There’s no sense in copying a sentence from every paragraph and pasting them together at the end. That just forces the reader to figure out the point of those sentences all over again, and it is tantamount to a confession that the author isn’t presenting ideas (which can always be clothed in different language) but just shuffling words around the page. A summary should repeat enough of the key words to allow the reader to connect it back to the earlier passages that spelled out the points in detail. But those words should be fitted into new sentences that work together as a coherent passage of prose in its own right. The summary should be            , almost as if the material being summarized had never existed.

✽tantamount to ~와 같은[동등한] ✽✽shuffle 뒤섞다

① self-prophecy ② self-conscious  ③ self-admiring

④ self-evident  ⑤ self-contained

3-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는? 3

2번 부정적인 내용의 시작부분

Nonetheless, experimenting on oneself remains deeply problematic.

Regulations covering scientific experiments on human subjects are stringent. Subjects must give their informed, written consent, and experimenters must submit their proposed experiments to rigorous scrutiny by overseeing bodies. Scientists who experiment on themselves can, functionally if not legally, avoid the restrictions associated with experimenting on other people. ①They can also sidestep most of the ethical issues involved: nobody, presumably, is more aware of an experiment’s potential hazards than the scientist who devised it. ②One obvious drawback is the danger involved; knowing that it exists does nothing to reduce it. ③A less obvious drawback is the limited range of data that the experiment can generate. ④Human anatomy and physiology vary, in small but significant ways, according to gender, age, lifestyle, and other factors. ⑤Experimental results derived from a single subject are, therefore, of limited value; there is no way to know whether the subject’s responses are typical or atypical of the response of humans as a group.

✽stringent 엄격한, 엄중한 ✽✽scrutiny 정밀 조사 ✽✽✽anatomy (해부학적) 구조

3-3. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 b-c-a 예술 수업 – 시각 장애 학생 – 청각 장애 학생 – 움직임 장애 학생

In many schools, the art program traditionally has been viewed as a particularly favorable setting for educating students with special needs.

a) Children with hearing impairment can visually observe a demonstration of color mixing with paint and try the process with immediately verifiable results, and children with motor disabilities can work with finger paints or with large brushes for painting.

b) In art classes, children are able to interact with such materials as paint or clay in direct response to their senses of sight, sound, smell, and touch. The materials of art are sensory, concrete, and manipulable in direct ways that are unique within the school curriculum.

c) All the senses can be brought into interaction, providing opportunities to adapt art making activities for students who have some sensory or mobility impairment. For example, children with visual impairment can form expressive objects with clay. ✽impairment (신체적·정신적) 장애

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

3-4. 다음 글의 흐름에 맞지 않는 문장을 고르세요.

2번 우주기술이 의학 영상 장비에 영향을 준 내용인데 2번은 아폴로 첫 번째 미션에 대한 설명.

Medical imaging techniques are constantly being refined, and this effort has been aided by various space technologies over the years. Digital image processing techniques developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to allow for computer enhancement of lunar pictures from the Apollo missions have since led to improved MRI and CT imaging. ① Techniques in astronomy have also refined imaging. ②During the 11-day flight at the first Apollo mission, the crew conducted a number of tests on the spacecraft systems and conducted the first live TV program from an American spacecraft.③The very same infrared sensors used to remotely observe the temperature of stars and planets are now being used to help surgeons map brain tumors. ④Charge-Coupled Device chip technologies stemming from the Hubble Telescope have greatly furthered breast cancer detection techniques, allowing breast tissue to be imaged more clearly and efficiently, thus increasing resolution so as to be able to distinguish between malignant and benign tumors without resorting to surgical biopsy. ⑤Moreover, the procedure is ten times cheaper than a surgical biopsy, and greatly reduces the pain, scarring, radiation exposure and time associated with surgical biopsies.

✽malignant 악성의 ✽✽benign 양성의 ✽✽✽biopsy 조직 검사

4-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 로고가 등장하는 위치

Over time, the landscape identity can evolve into a sort of “logo” that can be used to sell the stories of the landscape.

The way in which people shape landscapes often reflects the dominant culture. ①In a highly commercialized setting such as the United States, it is not surprising that many landscapes are seen as commodities. In other words, they are valued because of their market potential.  ②Residents develop an identity in part based on how the landscape can generate income for the community. ③This process involves more than the conversion of the natural elements into commodities. ④The landscape itself, including the people and their sense of self, takes on the form of a commodity. ⑤Thus, California’s “Wine Country,” Florida’s “Sun Coast,” or South Dakota’s “Badlands” shape how both outsiders and residents perceive a place, and these labels build a set of expectations associated with the culture of those who live there.

4-1-2. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 시장 잠재력 = 소득 발생 = 풍경의 상품화

The way in which people shape landscapes often reflects the dominant culture. In a highly commercialized setting such as the United States, it is not surprising that many landscapes are seen as commodities. In other words, they are valued because of their           . Residents develop an identity in part based on how the landscape can generate income for the community. This process involves more than the conversion of the natural elements into commodities. The landscape itself, including the people and their sense of self, takes on the form of a commodity. Over time, the landscape identity can evolve into a sort of “logo” that can be used to sell the stories of the landscape. Thus, California’s “Wine Country,” Florida’s “Sun Coast,” or South Dakota’s “Badlands” shape how both outsiders and residents perceive a place, and these labels build a set of expectations associated with the culture of those who live there.

① image improvement    ② market potential

③ universal reference    ④ false expectation

⑤ natural elements

4-2. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 사람마다 미술을 인식하는 방식에 차이가 있음. 그 차이가 가르치는 방식에 영향을 줌. 그래서 사회적 관점에선 역사등의 과목에 미술을 함께 하고 자립적 관점에서는 사회적 배경에서 독립적으로 공부

There are multiple views of the learner in theories of cognition, just as there are multiple theories of the nature of art.

a) But if works of art are thought of as autonomous structures whose meaning is set by the artist, where there is one “objective” or “right” interpretation, independent of its social context, then it might make more sense to pair this conception of art with the view of the learner as a lone individual.

b) At the same time, if works of art are to be understood in terms of their social and cultural origins and purposes, then it would make sense to integrate the knowledge of the artwork into those subjects, such as the social studies or history, where knowledge of the culture and society is collaterally provided.

c) Some portray the learner as a lone individual trying to make sense of a work of art or, for that matter, the world. Others picture learners as living within a social or cultural context from which knowledge derives its meaning. Such different views of the learner have consequences for teaching the arts.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

4-3. 다음 글의 흐름상 어울리지 않는 지문은?

3번 음악은 언어와 마찬가지로 의미있기 위해서는 규칙이 필요하다는 글. 3번은 깊은 대화가 관계를 이어준다는 내용.

You may resist the notion that music, which you think should be free to express emotion, is best thought of as rule-governed behavior. ①But rules govern all meaningful human cultural behavior in just this way. ②The point is not that musical performance is predetermined by rules, but that it proceeds according to them. In this view, music is like a game or a conversation: Without rules we could not have a game, and without agreement about what words are, what they mean, and how they are used, we could not hold a meaningful conversation. ③In an experiment, social psychologist Arthur Aron found pairs who discussed ‘deep questions’ were much more likely to maintain their level of connection than those who kept to small talk. ④Nonetheless, just as meaningful conversations can express emotion, so meaningful music can express it as well, though not, of course, in exactly the same way. ⑤Further, if a listener does not understand the rules, he or she can understand neither the intention of the composer or musician nor the music’s structure.

4-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

4번 마르서스의 논문에 글을 쓰긴 했지만 그의 이야기에 경제학을 안좋게 말한 것이 아니라 노예제도를 말하면서라고 설명하는 부분.

But Carlyle’s negative characterization of economics in fact appears in an article that he wrote about slavery in the West Indies, not in any of his writings about Malthus.

Since the 19th century, economics has borne the dishonorable name of “the dismal science.” Some people think economics is called “the dismal science” because it’s a dry and difficult subject. ①Others think it’s because economics tackles depressing topics such as poverty, crime, war, taxes, inflation, and economic collapse. ②The cheerless nickname has been attributed by some to the Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle, who reportedly coined the term when discussing economist Thomas Malthus’s prediction that one day population growth would outstrip food production and cause widespread famine. ③It’s true that Carlyle wrote about Malthus on occasion. ④And, as it turns out, Carlyle delivered his insult to economics simply because the free market economists of his time did not support his proslavery views. ⑤So, in the end, economics earned its less than auspicious nickname for being on what most would agree was the right side of history.

✽dismal 우울한 ✽✽auspicious 상서로운

8-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 유아(출산) = 이 지속적으로 돌보고 관심을 주어야 하는 일

Consider the difficulties of childbirth and the extraordinary care necessary for keeping a child alive during its infancy!

Communal living became a necessity because the community and the division of labour through which all individuals subordinate themselves to the group, ensured the continued existence of the species. ①Only division of labour (which is another way of saying civilization) is capable of ensuring that the tools of survival are available to humankind. ②Only after they had learned about the division of labour did humans learn how to assert themselves. ③This prolonged care and attention could only be exercised where division of labour existed. ④Think of the number of illnesses and disorders that human flesh is heir to, particularly in infancy, and you have some conception of the inordinate amount of care each human life demands, and some understanding of the need for communal living. ⑤The community is the best guarantor of the continued existence of human beings!

✽inordinate 엄청난

8-3. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 말은?

1번 역사학파는 경제학이 보편적으로 타당한 법칙이 있는 것이 아니라 개개인 별로 (나라별 사회나 문화, 역사에 따라) 다르다고 생각.

In 1843, German economist Wilhelm Roscher explicitly raised the issue of the need to use the historical method in economics, the essential element of which should be a comparative approach. Roscher argued that economic behaviours are dependent on their historical and social context, causes that in their studies should be used not only in an economic but also a historical and sociological approach. The first task of a researcher is therefore to immerse oneself in history to get as wide a knowledge of economic facts as possible, and on that basis determines the relationship between the economy and society. This explains hy so much effort of the representatives of the so-called older historical school, notably Bruno Hildebrand and Karl Knies, focused on describing the stages of the historical development of society. There is often talk of the methodological assumption common to most representatives of this school of thought, shared by their English counterparts, which was a denial of the existence of universally valid economic laws in conjunction with the emphasis on the importance of                    .

✽immerse 몰두하다 ✽✽in conjunction with ~와 함께

① individual facts ② holistic views ③ integrated values

④ impossible expectation ⑤ scientific approach

8-3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 경제적 지식을 알려면 역사를 알아야 함.

In 1843, German economist Wilhelm Roscher explicitly raised the issue of the need to use the historical method in economics, the essential element of which should be a comparative approach. Roscher argued that economic behaviours are dependent on their historical and social context, causes that in their studies should be used not only in an economic but also a historical and sociological approach. The first task of a researcher is therefore                  to get as wide a knowledge of economic facts as possible, and on that basis determines the relationship between the economy and society. This explains hy so much effort of the representatives of the so-called older historical school, notably Bruno Hildebrand and Karl Knies, focused on describing the stages of the historical development of society. There is often talk of the methodological assumption common to most representatives of this school of thought, shared by their English counterparts, which was a denial of the existence of universally valid economic laws in conjunction with the emphasis on the importance of individual facts.

✽immerse 몰두하다 ✽✽in conjunction with ~와 함께

① to get cooperative performance

② to find universal evidence

③ to meet archaeologists in the countries

④ to discuss the issue with experts interested

⑤ to immerse oneself in history

8-4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 진품성을 인증서(보증서)를 통해 확인. 그래서 외부적인 표시물 이라고 함.

A guarantee of authenticity through a form of certification is important to many tourist consumers. Documentation of legitimacy may be provided in the form of official paperwork and certificates, photographs, artisans’ signatures, and dates. In their 1993 paper, Littrell and her colleagues suggest that it is typically tourists with a need for status who often judge authenticity by            such as these. According to nearly half of the visitors in one New Zealand study, authenticity was important in their decision to buy an item of clothing. When asked if they would be more likely to buy clothing from New Zealand if design authenticity were included on the label, 46% said that they would. The same study also noted that domestic tourists from New Zealand, as well as visitors from Australia and Asia, consider verification of genuineness on labels very important in their purchasing decisions, while visitors from Europe and North America were less concerned with the issue.✽verification 확인

① cultural values ② external markers ③ ethnic society

④ tourism advancement ⑤ item labels

9-1. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 유머는 조롱이 될 수 있으므로 카운슬러가 조심해야 하지만 긍정적인 면으로 신뢰를 다질 수 있다. 그래서 인디언들에게 치료효과를 간과하지 말고 그들과 신뢰를 형성하는데 더 좋다. .

While humor is one of the important coping mechanisms of Native Americans, it should be used only if the client invites it, meaning that the client trusts the counselor enough to connect on that level.

a) However, in the positive direction, humor provides the opportunity to connect with the client on her or his ground and share a powerful trust. In sum, although counselors working with Native American clients should exercise caution when using humor, they definitely should not overlook it as a powerful therapeutic technique.

b) Indian humor serves the purpose of reaffirming and enhancing the sense of connectedness as part of family, clan, and tribe. To the extent that it can serve that purpose in the counseling relationship, it is all the better.

c) What, in one situation, can be humor between two people, in another can be interpreted as ridicule or wearing a mask. Counselors, therefore, have to be sensitive to using humor in a way that doesn’t reinforce various means of oppression that the client has endured probably for all of her or his life.

✽clan 씨족

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

9-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 처음에는 수집 그리고 도시 인구 증가하면서 생산 그리고 오래 보관하려고 정제 ex) 설탕, 보드카

For millions of years man and his closest ancestors obtained food (and medicinal substances) from nature in a ready form. There was nothing to prevent the whole diversity of biologically active substances from entering his body.

a) This coincided with the emergence of a second way of deriving material benefits — ‘production’. But side by side with production, in the sense of the creation of completely new objects for consumption, goes the process of purification (distillation, refinement, etc.).

b) Cooking food was an individual domestic affair. ‘Gathering’ was the first way man received material benefits. The sharp fall in rural populations that accompanied the growth of cities and the development of so-called public catering necessitated the production and storage of enormous quantities of food products.

c) We have called this process ‘anti-gathering’. It has led to finely ground flour products, polished rice and other grain removed from the husk, refined oil, and refined sugar. The choice of vegetables and wild-growing plants has shrunk ; pure spirits such as vodka have replaced natural wines.

✽husk (곡물의) 겉껍질 ✽✽spirits 증류주

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

9-3. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 온라인에서는 다른 이들이 보이지 않기 때문에 사회적인 여러 요소들과 관계없이 도움을 주려고 한다.

In the offline world, bystander helping is influenced by the number of other people available to provide help. If people see that others are available to help, their own motivation to help is diminished. In the online world, it is hard to know how many potential helpers are available. The combination of visible needs for help and unknown numbers of potential helpers may make the felt need to offer help more salient. Until one person actually offers help, every potential helper may assume that he or she is the only one who could help.              also reduces the barriers to offering help for people whose age, gender, race, or other visible attributes lead people to discount their contributions in the offline world, regardless of their actual usefulness. Help provided is not spurned on the basis of  irrelevant physical or social attributes; it can be judged based solely on its quality.

✽salient 두드러진, 현저한 ✽✽spurn 일축하다

① Physical invisibility ② Numerous helpers

③ Free accessibility ④ Strict regulation ⑤ Real availability

10-1. 다음 중 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

3번 slender 라고 써야함. 기반이 빈약할 때는 반대되는 예시에 이해 가설은 받아들여지지 않고 새로운 가설이 만들어짐.

If the hypothesis under consideration is a simple generalization, it may be sufficient to test it by looking for more examples, seeing whether or not the generalization holds for them. Under these circumstances ①unfavorable examples which violate the generalization may or may not lead to its rejection. If the generalization has any ②reasonable body of supporting data, the finding of new facts which do not fit usually leads to the refinement or elaboration of the original hypothesis rather than its complete rejection. On the other hand, if the original basis for the hypothesis was ③strong, the unfavorable instances may so ④outweigh the favorable ones as to make it reasonable to believe that the earlier agreement was a matter of pure chance. Also, a new hypothesis may be developed which ⑤fits the original data and the new data as well.

10-3. 다음 중 어법상 잘못된 것을 고르세요.

3번 helps 동사자리임.

To at least “compare notes” with other philosophically interested people ①adds something crucial to the practice of philosophy itself and not just because it’s important to make your ideas more widely known. Rather, it helps you hone your ideas to greater quality. Part of this is making sure ②that your ideas and reasoning process are as clearly spelled out as possible; ensuring that they’re clear to someone else ③helping make them clearer to yourself. This is how a philosopher ensures that he or she is really making sense and using valid reasoning processes. If you are challenged by someone who seems to disagree, this forces you to be as ④clear as possible about what principles you are starting with and exactly how you are reasoning to a given conclusion. This gives both participants in a philosophical exchange an indispensable opportunity ⑤to hone their ideas and reasoning skills. Thus, the social component of philosophy is an essential part of the doing of philosophy itself.                        ✽hone 연마하다

10-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

5번 새로운 지위를 얻으면 새로운 의상을 입을 권리가 생김.

In a formalized manner the social structure of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast is based on intricate forms of clan and family lineage regulated by both birth and wealth. Rank and privilege were proclaimed by song, speech, and costume in tribal cultures where relative status in the community was of prime importance. Whole costumes from headgear to leggings were decorated with a readable heraldic system based on familiar animals associated with clan symbolism, and personal, often inherited, spiritual relationships. Costumes were worn at the social and religious events that expressed their highly differentiated and formally structured society. As a new rank was achieved or a fresh honor bestowed upon an individual, the concurrent rise in prestige and status was often marked by that person’s right to                       . In this way the ownership and display of ritual clothing was literally the visual fabric of the social order.

✽indigenous 토착의 ✽✽heraldic 문장(紋章)의 ✽✽✽bestow 부여하다

① show off their new position by host a feast

② make a new family with other tribes

③ use one’s power to control others

④ choose what religious events one would participate in

⑤ wear another highly specialized symbolic garment

11-3. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 표현은?

2번 우리가 인식하기도 전에 숫자 문제를 해결할 수 있음.

We sometimes                                 . For example, suppose you are conducting a meeting and you want to ensure that everyone there has a copy of the agenda. You can deal with this by labelling each copy of the handout in turn with the initials of each of those present. As long as you do not run out of copies before completing this process, you will know that you have a sufficient number to go around. You have then solved this problem without resorting to arithmetic and without explicit counting. There are numbers at work for us here all the same and they allow precise comparison of one collection with another, even though the members that make up the collections could have entirely different characters, as is the case here, where one set is a collection of people, while the other consists of pieces of paper. What numbers allow us to do is to compare the relative size of one set with another.                               ✽arithmetic 산수

① realize the new way to count things with arithmetic

② solve number problems almost without realizing it

③ collect too little information in comparison

④ need more than what we think is sufficient

⑤ can’t find absolute answer in mathematics

11-4. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 학교 교육이 기본적인 질문도 하지 않음. 뇌 발달이나 교육 시기에 대해 질문 하기 보다는 오히려 표준 시험을 잘보기 위해 반복 암기만 시킴. 그래서 우리가 하는 것은 많지만 얻는게 적고 교육 개혁은 실패.

For more than two decades, school reform has been driven by an agenda that appears to be uninformed by even the most basic research into what we now know about the functioning of the brain or the healthy development of the child.

a) Rather, they seem to be asking, “What do we need this child to be able to do in order to meet our school, local, or national standards?” Most reform has been focused on what to cram into children’s heads — and testing them ad nauseam to see what sticks — rather than on developing their brains.

b) What this means is that we do more but accomplish less. Educational reforms fail because they hinge on policies that lower the sense of control of students, teachers, and administrators alike, predictably leading to greater stress, lower student engagement, and ever more teacher dissatisfaction and burnout.

c) Educational leaders and policy makers aren’t asking, “What do children need for healthy brain development?” “How do they learn best?” or “When’s the optimal time to teach him or her to read or do algebra?”                ✽ad nauseam 지겹도록 ✽✽hinge on ~에 의존하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

12-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 인생이란 경주에서 결과보다 과정이 중요. 승리를 추구하는 것도 괜찮지만 과정은 모두가 승리할 수 있음. 핵심은 승리에 대한 개인의 정의임. 즉 승리는 풍경, 좋은 사람들, 생각할 시간이 되어 질 수 있음. 쥐가 되지 말아야함.

The key is to develop a personal definition of winning.

Think of life as a charity foot race. The race, like many things in life, will have a similar outcome for most of the participants — they will all reach the finish line. The only difference then, is the process of running the race. ①What then is the difference between the person, eyes focused straight ahead, who rushes from the starting line to the finish line in a wild dash hope of winning and the person who looks to the right and left and still arrives at the finish line? ②Not that there’s anything wrong with winning races; however, only one person can win by reaching the finish line first, while everyone can win from the standpoint of the process. ③Winning can be enjoying the scenery, the nice people along the way, or even the time for reflection during the relaxed race. ④Remember the old rat race analogy — it might be more important not to be a rat than to win the rat race. ⑤After all, if you win the rat race, you will still be a rat.

12-1-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

2번 위 설명 참조 .

Think of life as a charity foot race. The race, like many things in life, will have a similar outcome for most of the participants — they will all reach the finish line.

a) Not that there’s anything wrong with winning races; however, only one person can win by reaching the finish line first, while everyone can win from the standpoint of the process. The key is to develop a personal definition of winning.

b) The only difference then, is the process of running the race. What then is the difference between the person, eyes focused straight ahead, who rushes from the starting line to the finish line in a wild dash hope of winning and the person who looks to the right and left and still arrives at the finish line?

c) Winning can be enjoying the scenery, the nice people along the way, or even the time for reflection during the relaxed race. Remember the old rat race analogy — it might be more important not to be a rat than to win the rat race. After all, if you win the rat race, you will still be a rat.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

12-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 소비 ( 크레올과 케이준이라는 단어가 소비의 대상이 되어 그 단어 속에 있는 역사와 민족에 대한 내용이 없어짐.)

For many people, the words “Cajun” and “Creole” lead to visions of gumbo, red beans and rice, crawfish, and just about anything that’s been “blackened, Cajun-style.” While these culinary traditions are distinctive and delicious, they have overshadowed the many other unique cultural contributions made by Louisiana’s Cajun and Creole communities, and are often considered without reference to the social and historical contexts that produced them. When “Cajun” and “Creole” are reduced to adjectives on menus and food labels, it becomes easy to lose sight of the people those adjectives first described. As poet Sheryl St. Germain writes in “Cajun,” she fears “the word’s been stolen” by retail commodifiers of a culture emptied of its content and its history, reduced — quite literally — to an object of              .

① identity

② history

③ consumption

④ challenge

⑤ uniqueness

12-3. 다음 글에 알맞지 않은 단어를 고르세요.

2번 디지털 기술이 학교 건물안에 들어오면 창의력과 작용력이 사라진다. strip

As Larry Cuban, former president of the American Educational Research Association, points out, schools have spent billions of dollars over the years on technologies that have, in fact, ①changed very little of how we think about an “education” in the developed world. More often than not, we ②achieve the agency and freedoms that digital tools give to learners and creators outside of school when they bring those same tools into the building. The system of ③schooling that most of us are products of is based on a series of structures and efficiencies that do not work well with the messier, less linear, more self-organized ways we can learn, create, and connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost unwittingly ④marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments. Few would argue that in schools today, we see technology primarily as an institutional teaching tool, not a ⑤personal learning tool.

✽unwittingly 부지불식간에  ✽✽relegate (덜 중요한 위치로) 밀쳐 버리다

12-3-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

4번 현대 사람들은 디지털 기술을 개인적 도구가 아니라 제도적 도구(학교용 도구)로 생각하는 사람이 별로 없음.

As Larry Cuban, former president of the American Educational Research Association, points out, schools have spent billions of dollars over the years on technologies that have, in fact, changed very little of how we think about an “education” in the developed world. More often than not, we strip the agency and freedoms that digital tools give to learners and creators outside of school when they bring those same tools into the building. The system of schooling that most of us are products of is based on a series of structures and efficiencies that do not work well with the messier, less linear, more self-organized ways we can learn, create, and connect on the Internet. In fact, the system almost unwittingly marginalizes digital technologies in schools. We relegate them to labs or libraries, or if we place them in students’ hands, they’re used only for discrete, narrow purposes like reading textbooks, creating documents, or taking assessments. Few would argue that in schools today, we see technology primarily as an                teaching tool, not a personal learning tool.

✽unwittingly 부지불식간에  ✽✽relegate (덜 중요한 위치로) 밀쳐 버리다

① restricted   ② home-schooling   ③ structured

④ institutional   ⑤ demanding

13-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 수학은 심오하고 오랫동안 자연의 심오한 것을 말함. 그래서 위대한 수학자들은 신은 수학자라 생각하였고 자연의 숨겨진 비밀을 수학을 통해 밝히려 하며 겉에는 혼란스럽지만 자연의 표면 아래에는 예상치 못한 단순성(질서)이 있다고 봄.

Mathematics is one of the most profound creations of the human mind.

a) For thousands of years, the content of mathematical theories seemed to tell us something profound about the nature of the natural world — something that could not be expressed in any way other than the mathematical.

b) The immediate evidence from the natural world may seem to be chaotic and without any inner regularity, but mathematics reveals that under the surface the world of nature has an unexpected simplicity — an extraordinary beauty and order.

c) How many of the greatest minds in history, from Pythagoras to Galileo to Gauss to Einstein, have held that “God is a mathematician”? This attitude reveals a reverence for mathematics that is occasioned by the sense that nature has a secret code that reveals her hidden order.

✽reverence 경외(심) ✽✽occasion 야기하다, 원인이 되다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

13-4. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

3번 현대 영화 음악은 실제 악기를 이용하는 것이 아니라 컴퓨터를 이용함. 그 예시가 발리우드. 신발리우드와 구발리우드의 차이는 디지털 음악이냐 아닌가임.

The advent of technological innovations in sound production has had radical (some might argue liberating) consequences for film scoring and recording.

a) Such changes to film scoring have been so dramatic and the economic consequences so profound that Gregory Booth, in a recent book on the Mumbai film industry, labels the preprogramming years “Old Bollywood” and postprogramming “New Bollywood.”

b) It is theoretically possible now, in many parts of the world, for a composer to virtually create and produce an entire score, thus eliminating the need for teams of assistants, arrangers, and copyists to realize the score, and live musicians on acoustic instruments to perform it. In many film industries it is becoming increasingly necessary for composers to have computer expertise.

c) In Bollywood, for instance, it has become so commonplace for scores to be digitally produced on a synthesizer that the very nomenclature has begun to change, with the term “programmer” replacing “music director.”

✽score (영화 음악 등을) 작곡하다; (음악) 작품, 악보 ✽✽nomenclature (학술적) 명명(법)

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-1. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

3번 이전에 장인은 자신이 원하는 대로 생산을 결정했지만 산업화이후 장인들은 공장을 위해 일하고 공장주에게 답을 해야 하였다.

But with the dawn of industrialization and mass production, craftsmen fell on hard times and were increasingly forced to work for the hated factories.

Today, Luddite is a disparaging term used to refer to a person who is opposed to or cautiously critical of technology. But it’s important to remember that the original Luddites were not, in fact, opposed to technology per se. It was not the machines themselves that the Luddites feared and reacted against. Rather, they understood that technology is meant to serve humans, not the other way around. ①Luddites were not protesting the technology itself; they were objecting to the new economic realities brought about by the machines. ②In former times, craftsmen had been able to work at their own pace and set their own prices for their goods. ③Suddenly they were answerable not to themselves but to a factory owner; they had to give up autonomy, or starve. ④They saw what the machines meant to their livelihood, to their lives, to their families, and to their communities. ⑤And they didn’t like what they saw.

14-1-2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

2번 결국 장인은 자치권을 포기해야 함.

Today, Luddite is a disparaging term used to refer to a person who is opposed to or cautiously critical of technology. But it’s important to remember that the original Luddites were not, in fact, opposed to technology per se. It was not the machines themselves that the Luddites feared and reacted against. Rather, they understood that technology is meant to serve humans, not the other way around. Luddites were not protesting the technology itself; they were objecting to the new economic realities brought about by the machines. In former times, craftsmen had been able to work at their own pace and set their own prices for their goods. But with the dawn of industrialization and mass production, craftsmen fell on hard times and were increasingly forced to work for the hated factories. Suddenly they were answerable not to themselves but to a factory owner; they had to give up             , or starve. They saw what the machines meant to their livelihood, to their lives, to their families, and to their communities. And they didn’t like what they saw.

① dependency ② autonomy ③ history

④ productivity ⑤ efficiency

14-2. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

2번 공공재에 대한 이야기 시작. 첫 번째 예시가 가로등

Public goods, on the other hand, are subject to the free-rider problem.

The free market will tend to oversupply goods with negative externalities, and undersupply goods with positive externalities. It is easy to see why. Creating a negative externality is often a way of dumping your costs on another: literally. ①If it is cheaper to use a noisy production process than a quiet one, other people are inadvertently ‘subsidizing’ my use of the noisy process by bearing the cost of being disturbed by the noise. ②Why should I contribute to supply street lights if I will get the benefit whether or not I contribute? ③But if everyone thinks like this — and the market encourages this type of reasoning — no lighting will be provided. ④It is normally assumed that the solution to these problems is to make the state the supplier of public goods, taxing citizens to pay for them. ⑤Similarly the state can make pollution illegal, returning the costs to the polluter.

✽inadvertently 의도치 않게 ✽✽subsidize 보조금을 주다

14-3. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

4번 테러로 인해 타격을 받은 항공산업. 재난에 의한 수요 부족. 어떻게 해야할까? 정부가 개입할까 말까? 개입하지 않으면 대규모 실업 발생하기 때문에 개입해서 재정지원 필요.

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks left the economy reeling from a lack of spending and confidence. One industry that was affected the most was the airline industry. This industry suffered huge and insurmountable losses that threatened the survival of the largest airline companies.

a) So the question became, what should be done? Should the government have let the forces of supply and demand take over and eventually revamp the airline industry? Or should the government have taken a more proactive approach? The answer depended on time.

b) If the government had stood by and let the economy regulate itself in this situation, the airline industry may have recovered, but in the process, countless more jobs would have been lost. So the government intervened and put together a monetary aid package to keep the airline industry alive.

c) Without air travel, businesses became slower, less efficient, and less reliable. In this instance, a lack of demand wasn’t necessarily indicative of consumers’ true feelings toward air travel. Rather, this lack of demand was created by an extreme disaster.

✽reel 휘청거리다 ✽✽revamp 개조하다

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-4. 다음 지문이 들어갈 알맞은 위치는?

5번 지역 정체성 (진정성)을 지키려는 노력

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point where the concept of place is no longer salient. Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city resembling an airport terminal. While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry. In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals preserves a(an)             sense of place.  ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

① ambivalent ② democratic ③ international

④ expanding ⑤ genuine

14-4-2. 다음 지문의 알맞은 순서는?

1번 공공장소들이 전부 상업지역이 되어버림. 공항 커피샵처럼. 이것은 외부의 영향력 (국제적인 광고회사들)에 의한 것임. 지역적 특이성이 사라져서 일부는 그 문화의 진정성을 지키고자 노력을 함.

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point where the concept of place is no longer salient.

a) Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city resembling an airport terminal.

b) In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals preserves a genuine sense of place.

c) While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry.  ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

14-4-3. 다음 중 잘못된 어법을 고르세요.

3번 resembling 동사 자리가 아님.

While time is being compressed by the frantic pace of modern life, our sense of space has expanded to the point ①where the concept of place is no longer salient. Most public spaces are now commercial spaces standardized to provide comfort zones and ②facilitate easy access and mobility by anyone who might enter — a famous coffee shop on every corner, with vast swathes of every city ③resemble an airport terminal. While democratic in appearance, in reality these spaces are designed to coordinate economic activity across nodes in the global commodity chain, obedient to the protocols of external control, with every public space ④given over to marketing the same products to consumers seduced by ahistorical, transregional brands created by the advertising industry. In the process, genuinely local places are stripped of uniqueness and particularity. Each location resembles every other location, and only the occasional extraordinary effort on the part of the locals ⑤preserves a genuine sense of place.   ✽frantic 정신없이 바쁜 ✽✽salient 아주 중요한✽✽✽node 교점, 마디

15-1. 다음 글이 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

1번 인공물 (유물) 보다 해석하는 것이 더 중요하다는 것이 현대 고고학의 특징

In the popular media, archaeology is mainly identified with spectacular discoveries of artifacts from prehistoric and ancient cultures, such as the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun. As a result, people often think of archaeologists primarily as collectors. But contemporary archaeologists are much more interested in understanding and explaining their finds in terms of what those objects say about the behavior that produced them than in creating collections. Their principal task is to infer the nature of past cultures based on the patterns of the artifacts left behind. Archaeologists work like detectives, slowly sifting and interpreting evidence. The context in which things are found, the location of an archaeological site, and the precise position of an artifact within that site are critical to interpretation. In fact, these considerations may be more important than               itself.

① the artifact ② the context ③ the task ④ the culture ⑤ the education

15-3.  다음 글의 흐름상 맞지 않은 것을 고르세요.

2번 산업화에 따른 공장에 노동분할에 대한 이야기는 미국 과거 농업 사회의 특성과 맞지 않음.

Less than one hundred years ago most rural households in the United States sustained themselves by farming. While some agricultural products were sold for money on the open market, others were produced solely for household consumption or for bartering with neighbors. All family members, including husbands, wives, and children, contributed their labor to the economic maintenance and survival of the household. ①While there was a well-established division of labor along gender and age lines in many farm households, there was not a well-articulated and formalized occupational structure within most rural areas. ②Because of the large amount of labour saved by giving workers specialized tasks in Industrial Revolution-era factories, some classical economists were proponents of division of labour. ③In this social and economic context, the household, the community, and the economy were tightly bound up with one another. ④The local economy was not something that could be isolated from society. ⑤Rather the economy was embedded in the social relations of the farm household and the rural community.

✽embed (단단히) 박다[끼워 넣다]

15-4. 다음 지문의 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어는?

3번 공적 도덕과 사적 도덕은 서로 갈라진다는 글.

Democratic peoples — especially Americans — respond strongly to moral narratives that cleanly distinguish between the forces of good and evil. They have a harder time coming to grips with moral complexity and ambiguity. Private and public morality sometimes             . The norms of foreign policy and war are not congruent with those of domestic affairs. And the virtues of the private household do not always map neatly onto those of the public household. For example, most economists believe that poorly timed public thrift — austerity — can make a bad economic situation worse. But most people have a hard time understanding why it can be right for a government to spend more than it is taking in — especially if the public deficit is used to finance current consumption. While many parents grasp the rationale of going into debt to finance a college education, they are loath to cosign loans for children’s fancy cars and flat-screen TVs.      ✽austerity 긴축, 내핍 ✽✽loath 꺼리는

①  integrate  ② interact  ③ diverge  ④ coincide  ⑤ improve

16-2. 다음 글의 알맞은 순서는?

5번 미술 수업때 미술가와 작품 연결, 첫 번째는 미술가 마다 작품 연결 두 번째는 미술가와 작품 혼합, 후자가 더 잘 기억함.

Imagine being in an art appreciation class and having to learn the styles of different artists.

a) When all participants were later shown a series of new paintings (paintings by these artists that they had not seen during the learning phase) and were asked to identify the artist, the group that viewed the interwoven learning set was much better at identifying the correct artist.

b) In the experiment, half the learners got the paintings in blocks as they would be presented in the typical classroom. (“Here are six paintings by Picasso. Now that you have learned Picasso, let’s move on to Miró...”). The other half of the learners studied the paintings in a randomized fashion, with any given artist’s paintings interwoven among those of the other artists.

c) Traditional teaching methods would approach the works of each artist separately so as not to confuse the learners. In a fascinating study, participants were tasked with learning the styles of 12 artists based on a viewing of six sample paintings per artist.

① a-c-b ② b-a-c ③ b-c-a ④ c-a-b ⑤ c-b-a

16-3. 다음 지문의 어법상 잘못된 부분은?

5번 대동사 문제  test and retest를 받아주기 때문에 do

In addition to ①appropriating (and sometimes anticipating) the modern medical model for the diagnosis of crime, Arthur Conan Doyle also perfected a literary form for Sherlock Holmes that owed its origins to the medical profession as well — the case history. The new discipline of pathological anatomy as a form of medical diagnosis in the period ②brought with it a new epistemological imperative for the physician to observe carefully every detail of the patient’s environment and physical condition, and to record that information in the form of a case study ③that would explore the network of possible connections between the seemingly insignificant details. In the case history, the physician would test and retest every conceivable set of relations until the cause of the patient’s illness ④made sense, much as Holmes would ⑤be in his explanations of cases to Watson. Medical diagnosis became based upon a principle of “differential” semiological examination of the patient’s body in the form of the medical case history.

✽epistemological 인식론적 ✽✽semiological 증후학적